Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common tumors of childhood. Unlike other tumors, they have the unique ability to involute after proliferation, often leading primary care providers to assume they will resolve without intervention or consequence. Unfortunately, a subset of IHs rapidly develop complications, resulting in pain, functional impairment, or permanent disfigurement. As a result, the primary clinician has the task of determining which lesions require early consultation with a specialist. Although several recent reviews have been published, this clinical report is the first based on input from individuals representing the many specialties involved in the treatment of IH. Its purpose is to update the pediatric community regarding recent discoveries in IH pathogenesis, treatment, and clinical associations and to provide a basis for clinical decision-making in the management of IH.

Transnasal endoscopic repair of choanal atresia, both unilateral and bilateral, is safe, and is effective without stenting. Postoperative failure of endoscopic approaches may be a result of prolonged mucosal trauma from stenting rather than any deficiency inherent in the surgical technique. Adjuctive therapy may not offer any advantage in promoting patency.

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