Purpose:To determine the incremental benefit of combined endorectal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging, as compared with endorectal MR imaging alone, for sextant localization of peripheral zone (PZ) prostate cancer. Materials and Methods:This prospective multicenter study, conducted by the American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN) from February 2004 to June 2005, was institutional review board approved and HIPAA compliant. Research associates were required to follow consent guidelines approved by the Office for Human Research Protection and established by the institutional review boards. One hundred thirty-four patients with biopsy-proved prostate adenocarcinoma and scheduled to undergo radical prostatectomy were recruited at seven institutions. T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and spectroscopic MR sequences were performed at 1.5 T by using a pelvic phased-array coil in combination with an endorectal coil. Eight readers independently rated the likelihood of the presence of PZ cancer in each sextant by using a five-point scalefirst on MR images alone and later on combined MR-MR spectroscopic images. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) were calculated with sextant as the unit of analysis. The presence or absence of cancer at centralized histopathologic evaluation of prostate specimens was the reference standard. Reader-specific receiver operating characteristic curves for values obtained with MR imaging alone and with combined MR imaging-MR spectroscopic imaging were developed. The AUCs were estimated by using MannWhitney statistics and appropriate 95% confidence intervals. Results:Complete data were available for 110 patients (mean age, 58 years; range, 45-72 years). MR imaging alone and combined MR imaging-MR spectroscopic imaging had similar accuracy in PZ cancer localization (AUC, 0.60 vs 0.58, respectively; P Ͼ .05). AUCs for individual readers were 0.57-0.63 for MR imaging alone and 0.54 -0.61 for combined MR imaging-MR spectroscopic imaging. Conclusion:In patients who undergo radical prostatectomy, the accuracy of combined 1.5-T endorectal MR imaging-MR spectroscopic imaging for sextant localization of PZ prostate cancer is equal to that of MR imaging alone. RSNA, 2009 Supplemental Note: This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. To order presentation-ready copies for distribution to your colleagues or clients, use the Radiology Reprints form at the end of this article. Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in American men. In 2007, an estimated 218 890 new cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed and more than 27 000 men died of the disease (1). Additional indicators, including disability-adjusted life-years, estimated costs based on the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute, and Medicare expenditures, illuminate the heavy burden that prostate cancer places on society (2,3). However, while the lifetime risk of recei...

Objective To assess the efficacy and tolerability of everolimus in advanced urothelial carcimoma (UC). Patients and Methods The present study comprised a single-arm, non-randomized study in which all patients received everolimus 10 mg orally once daily continuously (one cycle = 4 weeks). In total, 45 patients with metastatic UC progressing after one to four cytotoxic agents were enrolled between February 2009 and November 2010 at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The primary endpoints were 2-month progression-free survival (PFS) and the safety of everolimus, with the secondary endpoint being the response rate. A Simon minimax two-stage design tested the null hypothesis that the true two month PFS rate was ≤50%, as opposed to the alternative hypothesis of ≥70%. Results The most common grade 3/4 toxicities were fatigue, infection, anaemia, lymphopaenia, hyperglycaemia and hypophosphataemia. There were two partial responses in nodal metastases, with one patient achieving a 94% decrease in target lesions and remaining on drug at 26 months. An additional 12 patients exhibited minor tumour regression. There were 23 of 45 (51%) patients who were progression-free at 2 months with a median (95% CI) PFS of 2.6 (1.8–3.5) months and a median (95% CI) overall survival of 8.3 (5.5–12.1) months. No clear association was observed between mammalian target of rapamycin pathway marker expression and 2-month PFS. Conclusions Although everolimus did not meet its primary endpoint, one partial response, one near-complete response and twelve minor regressions were observed. Everolimus possesses meaningful anti-tumour activity in a subset of patients with advanced UC. Studies aiming to define the genetic basis of everolimus activity in individual responders are ongoing.

Sunitinib did not achieve the predetermined threshold of >or= 20% activity defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. However, antitumor responses were observed, identifying the vascular endothelial growth factor axis as a viable pathway for UC treatment. The reported clinical benefit in previously treated patients warrants further investigation in a disease for which there is no US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment.

OBJECTIVE Nearly 25% of solid renal tumors are indolent cancer or benign and can be managed conservatively in selected patients. This prospective study was performed to determine whether preoperative IV microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be used to differentiate indolent and benign renal tumors from more aggressive clear cell carcinoma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty-four patients with renal tumors underwent preoperative gray-scale, color, power Doppler, and octafluoropropane microbubble IV contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Three blinded radiologists reading in consensus compared rate of contrast wash-in, grade and pattern of enhancement, and contrast washout compared with adjacent parenchyma. Contrast ultrasound findings were compared with surgical histopathologic findings for all patients. RESULTS The 34 patients had 23 clear cell carcinomas, three type 1 papillary carcinomas, one chromophobe carcinoma, one clear rare multilocular low-grade malignant tumor, two unclassified lesions, three oncocytomas, and one benign angiomyolipoma. The combination of heterogeneous lesion echotexture and delayed lesion washout had 85% positive predictive value, 43% negative predictive value, 48% sensitivity, and 82% specificity for predicting whether a lesion was conventional clear cell carcinoma or another tumor. Diminished lesion enhancement grade had 75% positive predictive value, 81% negative predictive value, 55% sensitivity, and 91% specificity for non–clear cell histologic features, either benign or low-grade malignant. Combining delayed washout with quantitative lesion peak intensity of at least 20% of kidney peak intensity had 91% positive predictive value, 40% negative predictive value, 63% sensitivity, and 80% specificity in the prediction of clear cell histologic features. CONCLUSION Ultrasound features of gray-scale heterogeneity, lesion washout, grade of contrast enhancement, and quantitative measure of peak intensity may be useful for differentiating clear cell carcinoma and non–clear cell renal tumors.

Our study illustrates a method to evaluate the standard of practice for thyroid nodule assessment among radiologists within an ultrasound group. Application of a 5-point malignancy rating scale to select nodules for biopsy is feasible and shows good diagnostic accuracy.

Background Microvascular invasion (MVI) is a significant risk factor for early recurrence after resection or transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Knowledge of MVI status would help guide treatment recommendations but is generally identified after surgery. This study aims to predict MVI preoperatively using quantitative image analysis. Study Design From 2 institutions, 120 patients submitted to resection of HCC from 2003 to 2015 were included. The largest tumor from preoperative CT was subjected to quantitative image analysis, which uses an automated computer algorithm to capture regional variation in CT enhancement patterns. Quantitative imaging features by automatic analysis, qualitative radiographic descriptors by 2 radiologists, and preoperative clinical variables were included in multivariate analysis to predict histologic MVI. Results Histologic MVI was identified in 19 (37%) patients with tumors ≤5 cm and 34 (49%) patients with tumors > 5 cm. Among patients with ≤5 cm tumors, none of clinical findings or radiographic descriptors was associated with MVI; however, quantitative feature based on angle co-occurrence matrix predicted MVI with area under curve (AUC) 0.80, positive predictive value (PPV) 63% and negative predictive value (NPV) 85%. In patients with > 5 cm tumors, higher α-fetoprotein (AFP) level, larger tumor size, and viral hepatitis history were associated with MVI, whereas radiographic descriptors did not. However, a multivariate model combining AFP, tumor size, hepatitis status, and quantitative feature based on local binary pattern predicted MVI with AUC 0.88, PPV 72% and NPV 96%. Conclusions This study reveals the potential importance of quantitative image analysis as a predictor of MVI.

Extended-dose TMZ therapy did not result in a 30% responses rate, which has been observed using extended-dose TMZ with antiangiogenic agents. Response did not correlate with MGMT expression or promoter methylation as a continuous variable, suggesting that other resistance mechanisms are important.

Intravesical BCG-related complications such as granulomatous disease may show imaging findings mimicking primary or metastatic tumors in patients with bladder cancer. Radiologists should consider this possibility when imaging abnormalities are encountered in bladder cancer patients treated with intravesical BCG so that appropriate management can be administered and unnecessary procedures avoided.