Security costs for nuclear reactors increase over a nuclear facility's lifecycle as new threats, security weaknesses, and the plant's generic threat profile change over time. This report reviews current technological gaps in security by design (SeBD) based on an analysis of available literature and provides details to close those gaps through proposed technological constructs and processes that can integrate safety and security into the design process of a plant, with a primary focus on small modular reactor technology. Under the new modular and mass manufacturing approach, plants are designed to reduce costs through economies of scale and modular construction. The current SeBD definitions focused on state-level regulators are not adequate for this approach because the licensing stage is often too late in the design process to allow for integration of true SeBD cost savings. This document proposes a new approach to allow for continuous implementation of security alongside development of the plant's safety concept. If this approach is adopted as part of the design process, then the resulting technological ecosystem will imbed security concepts into the plant's physical design components.
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