This paper analyses the determinants of Rwandan households having savings accounts using Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (IHLCS) data of 2010/11. After a background discussion and literature review an empirical analysis is presented with different variables adopted and analysed as determinants of household’s head having savings accounts. Poverty level, age, gender, residential area and level education of household head (literate or not) were considered as independent variables of the study. Findings from the estimations of logit models indicate the likelihood of a household having a savings account is positively and significantly related to each of the following: non-poor status of the household,the household residing in an urban area, the household head being male, and the household head being literate. Having the household head be literate tends to be more important for younger household heads and for non-poor households. The proportion of households having money in a savings account more than doubled over the decade between the IHLCS 2000/2001 survey and the IHLCS 2010/2011 survey. Government policies on savings and poverty reduction may explain the trend of increased cash balances in saving accounts. Key Words: Savings, Bank Accounts, Households, Determinants,
No abstract
Objectives: Results from 2 FDA-regulated clinical trials demonstrate superiority of a synthetic medial meniscus prosthesis to non-surgical care in treating persistent or recurrent knee pain following previous partial meniscectomy. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) is the most common surgical treatment for symptomatic, irreparable meniscal tears that do not improve with non-surgical care. For many patients, APM is associated with improvements in knee pain and function, but a subset of patients report persistent or recurrent knee pain 1-2 years after APM surgery. Current treatment options for post-APM knee pain are limited, especially for patients considered too young for knee replacement. The polymeric medial meniscus prosthesis (NUsurfaceâ, Active Implants, Memphis TN) mimics the biomechanical function of the natural medial meniscus and provides relief from pain and improved function in subjects with knee pain following APM. The meniscus prosthesis met the primary endpoint of superiority over non-surgical care at 2 years. The current hypothesis was that investigational subjects maintained superior improvements in knee-related pain, function, and quality of life, compared to non-surgical subjects, through 3 years of follow-up. Methods: 242 subjects (176 investigational, 66 control) treated in 2 prospective, concurrent clinical trials in the U.S., and pooled for analysis: a randomized controlled superiority trial (RCT) comparing the investigational device (investigational group) to non-surgical care (control), and a single-arm, prosthesis-only trial. Subjects had persistent knee pain and one or more previous partial meniscectomies at least 6 months before trial entry. Subject follow-up visits at 1.5 months, 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 year. Patient-reported knee pain, function, and quality of life were assessed using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Treatment cessation was defined as any investigational subject who discontinued the per-protocol treatment by permanent prosthesis removal, or control subjects undergoing any surgical procedure on the index knee. Investigational subjects who underwent subsequent surgical procedures on index knees (e.g. prosthesis exchange) remained in the trial. The investigational and control cohorts analyzed were compared at each time point using a two tailed t-test. All baseline cohort comparisons of demographics were not statistically different (p>0.05). Results: The magnitude of improvement from baseline to 3 years was statistically superior in the investigational cohort, compared to the control cohort for all 6 KOOS subscales (Figure 1), including the primary outcomes of KOOS Overall and KOOS Pain (Figure 1A, B). Improvement in KOOS Overall and KOOS Pain for the investigational and control cohorts at 3 years were 26.4 vs 10.4 points, and 26.9 vs 15.4 points, respectively (Figure 1). These data show a statistically significant improvement, exceeding a clinically meaningful improvement of ≥20 points versus controls as early as 6 months (20.0 vs 9.2 pts), continuing through the 3-year timepoint. Controls experienced a 35% decline in KOOS Overall improvement between the 2-year and 3-year timepoint (15.9 vs 10.4). Accountability of patients not available or yet reaching the 3-year follow-up time period are reflected in Table 1. Treatment cessation through 3 years was 31% greater in the control cohort than the investigational cohort (15.0% vs. 19.6%). Conclusions: Three-year results demonstrate statistically superior relief from post-APM knee pain and function compared to non-surgical care alone. At 3 years, the magnitude of change from baseline to 3 years significantly favored the investigational device compared to control treatments. Investigational subjects discontinued treatment at a far lower rate compared to control subjects. Investigational subjects who underwent a device exchange or repositioning procedure were able to continue therapy benefit with the medial meniscus prosthesis. In all KOOS subscales, the investigational subjects experienced superior improvements and outcomes at 3 years compared to non-surgical care subjects. [Figure: see text][Table: see text]
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