Acoustic telemetry was used to describe the behavior of individual striped bass Morone saxatilis and their use of the Miramichi River estuary during two consecutive spawning seasons in 2004 and 2005. In both years, prespawning striped bass staged in the lower and middle sections of the Miramichi River estuary downstream from the spawning area. Males and females moved in synchrony from the staging area to the spawning grounds in the Northwest Miramichi River. The dates of arrival at the spawning grounds were similar between sexes in both years, but significantly later (by about a week) in 2005. There were no significant differences in average daily water temperature on the dates of arrival at the spawning grounds for male and female striped bass, but water temperatures on the arrival dates were significantly cooler in 2005. Increases in temperature rather than the absolute temperature was the apparent cue initiating the movements of striped bass onto the spawning grounds. Females occupied the spawning grounds for 12 and 7 d in 2004 and 2005, respectively, significantly less than the approximately 15 d for males in each year. The shorter occupation of the spawning grounds by female striped bass was determined by their significantly earlier departure dates than males. Staging downstream of the spawning area by males and females, rapid ascent by both sexes to the spawning area, and the longer residency of male striped bass on the spawning grounds are important characteristics that must be considered when developing management actions to protect and rebuild the spawning stock of this northern population of striped bass.
BackgroundMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as central regulators of inflammation, but their role in asthma and airway epithelial cells is not well studied. Glucocorticoids are the cornerstone of therapy in asthma and other inflammatory disease, yet their mechanisms of action are not completely elucidated, and it is not clear whether miRNAs modulate their effects.ObjectiveWe aimed to identify miRNAs that regulate cytokine and chemokine expression in airway epithelial cells and whether these miRNAs are subject to the effects of glucocorticoids.Methods and resultsMicroRNAomic analyses of immortalized, normal human bronchial epithelial cells identified 7 miRNAs that were altered by inflammatory cytokine treatment and 22 that were regulated by glucocorticoids (n = 3 for each treatment condition). MiR-146a emerged as a central candidate, whose expression was induced by TNF-α and repressed by glucocorticoids. Its role as a candidate in asthmatic inflammation was supported by expression profiling in human asthmatics, which showed that plasma miR-146a expression was elevated in asthma and associated with measures related to worse asthma outcomes, including elevated blood eosinophil counts, higher asthma control questionnaire scores, and need for higher doses of inhaled glucocorticoids. However, transfection of miR-146a in A549 cells treated with TNF-α +/- glucocorticoids produced an anti-inflammatory effect and increased efficacy of glucocorticoids.ConclusionsWe propose a model whereby miR-146a is induced by inflammatory conditions as a feedback mechanism to limit inflammation. Exogenous administration of miR-146a augmented the effects of glucocorticoids and could be a novel therapeutic strategy to enhance efficacy of these medications.
Observational study of the success rates of intubation and failed intubation airway rescue techniques in 7256 attempted intubations of trauma patients by pre-hospital physicians.
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