Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world with approximately 275,000 people diagnosed each year. Early stage diagnosis is critical to improve survival. Our study tested a new oral screening technique based on lecithin histochemistry. The use of fluorescent lecthins as an adjunct to clinical examination was more sensitive and accurate than traditional screening methods, resulting in increased and earlier detection of oral cancer and dysplasia.The inclusion criteria were subjects with the following characteristics: (i) absence of risk-habits (tobacco and alcohol usage, >40 years old or (ii) presence of a clinically suspicious oral lesion (potentially benign, premalignant, or malignant). The test utilised fluorescent molecular probes (Dye 1, a nuclear stain-DAPI; and Dye 2, a lectin-WGA-FITC) were subsequently applied to the oral cavity. Biopsies of clinically suspicious areas (including areas of aberrant molecular probe staining) were obtained for histopathological diagnosis by a board certified oral pathologist. Sensitivity and specificity metrics for the data were calculated by correlating fluorescence results to histopathological diagnoses.This in vivo clinical study was performed on 25 patients with a variety of oral mucosal conditions. The results confirmed a sensitivity of 100% in cancer, 80% in dysplasia with a 60% specificity. This system is a noninvasive, low-cost and consistent method in enhancing the early identification of malignant lesions and holds the promise for earlier detection of oral cancer.Background: Maxillofacial bone engineering showed promising result; however, its healing mechanisms and effectiveness had not been fully understood. Objectives: The study compared the bone healing mechanism and osteogenic capacity between bovine bone mineral (BBM) scaffold loaded with human amniotic membrane stem cell (hAMSC) and autogenous bone graft (ABG) in the reconstruction of critical size mandibular defect. Methods: Critical size defects were made at mandible of 45 New Zealand White rabbits which were subsequently reconstructed with BBM-hAMSC, BBM alone, and ABG, respectively. At the end of first, second, and twelfth weeks, five rabbits from each group were sacrificed for histology and immunohistochemistry staining. Expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and angiogenesis were analysed in first and second week, while Runx2, osteocalcin, collagen-I fibres,
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