0 ABSTRAC TResearchers have been working with head mounted displays an d virtual reality (VR) since 1965 when Ivan Sutherland publishe d his first paper on the subject' . This work has centered on a singl e user within virtual space. The literature has covered application s such as telerobotics, virtual control panels, architectura l simulation and scientific visualization . 2 .3 -n Several factors now militate toward broadening the range of V R applications : developments in hardware and software, as well as a growing readiness in many fields to incorporate VR . User interface constraints of VR systems need to change in response t o this changing user profile . Design of environments and behavior s in virtual worlds should be simple and accessible to experts i n many fields . With the advent of multi-user systems , communications will become a major application of virtua l reality . figure 1 : RB2 Functional DiagramVPL has recently developed a system that allows more than on e user to share a virtual space . The forms and behaviors of virtual worlds are specified graphically, so that non-programmers ca n design them . The system, called Reality Built for Two, will be demonst rated at the Symposium on Interactive 31) Graphics . Reality Built For Tw oReality Built For Two (RB2) is a development platform fo r designing and implementing real-time virtual realities . Development is rapid and interactive in RB2 . Behavio r constraints and interactions can be edited in real time with th e system running . Changes made to interactions in the world ar c seen immediately in VR . For example, when gravity is attached to an object, it will fall . The world designer is able to try ne w ideas, and modify interface paradigms quickly .RB2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTIO N The RB2 system consists of three software modules said a variet y of hardware . The design and control workstation is a Mac I l running a solid modeling application called RB2 Swivel and a data flow/real-time animation control package called Bod y

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Introduction: General aviation missions related to furtherance of business potentially carry higher risk (operations in adverse weather, at night, for longer distances) than those undertaken for recreation. The study herein was undertaken to determine fatal accident rates, proportions, and risk factors/causes. Method: The National Transportation Safety Board aviation accident database was queried for accidents (1996-2015). Annual fleet times were from the general aviation annual activity survey. Statistical analyses used Poisson distributions, proportion testing, and Cohen's Kappa tests. Results: The fatal accident rate for business operations was three-to six-fold lower than the rate for recreational flights with a decline evident between 1996 and 2015. However, a higher proportion of business-related accidents were fatal (33%) compared with recreational flight mishaps (22%). Business-related, fatal accidents were over-represented for operations of longer flight distance, non-daylight hours, and degraded visibility. The most frequent accident cause categories were a deficiency in pilot skills/experience/systems knowledge (45%) and violation of the federal aviation regulations (e.g. departure into instrument conditions without an instrument flight plan, flight into known/forecast icing) (26%). Conclusion: Despite the fatal accident rate declining for business-related missions, the proportion of fatal mishaps was higher than that for recreational flights. Practical application: Towards enhancing safety (a) flight reviews should discuss alternate flight planning to circumvent the hazards of night operations, adverse weather, and fatigue, (b) pilots should be encouraged to participate in additional training, e.g. the FAAST program, and (c) pilots should avail themselves of aviation training devices for maintaining instrument proficiency.

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Using a UAS-mounted sensor to allow for a rapid response to areas that may be difficult to reach or potentially dangerous to human health can increase the situational awareness of first responders of an aircraft crash site through the remote detection, identification, and quantification of airborne hazardous materials. The primary purpose of this research was to evaluate the remote sensing viability and application of integrating existing commercial-off-theshelf (COTS) sensors with small unmanned aircraft system (UAS) technology to detect potentially hazardous airborne contaminants in emergency leak or spill response situations. By mounting the personal photoionization detector (PID) with volatile organic compound VOC sensor technology on UAS platforms, the needed information may be obtained at an optimum range and resolution without needlessly exposing a human to possible adverse conditions.

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