Higher rates of volunteering might be expected of elders in the period immediately after retirement because they tend to be in relatively good health and have fewer competing obligations. Data from the Commonwealth Productive Aging Survey, a telephone survey of a representative national sample of 2,999 people 55 years of age and older, confirmed findings of previous research that retirement is not associated with higher rates of volunteering. However, in the first and second years following termination of employment, nonvolunteers show a heightened receptivity to volunteering; that is, they indicate more willingness to take on volunteer assignments and an ability to do so than do elders who are employed or who have been out of the workforce for longer periods. The findings suggest that volunteer coordinators should focus volunteer recruiting efforts on elders who are about to leave jobs or who have recently left jobs.Leaders of a variety of nonprofit organizations have become increasingly interested in enlisting older people as volunteers to help meet their urgent human resource needs (Fischer & Schaffer, 1993). The attractiveness of having older people as volunteers stems in part from the growth in numbers of older people who are not working and who are in good health. For most older people, employment is no longer an obstacle to making major time commitments as volunteers because only a minority are employed. In 1994, among those 60 to 64 years of age, 44.5% were employed; among those 65 to 69 years of age, 21.4% were employed; and among those 70 to 74 years of age, 11.3% were employed (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1994). On a variety of measures, the health of those younger than 75 years of age is generally good. Only about 11 % of those 65 to 74 years of age, for example, report that chronic illness prevents them from carrying out their usual responsibilities (Taeuber, 1990).
Japan's Silver Human Resource Center (SHRC) program provides part-time, paid employment to retirement-aged men and women. We studied 393 new program participants and examined whether part-time work influenced their well-being or "ikigai." The participants were divided into those who had worked in SHRC-provided jobs in the preceding year, and those who had not. Gender-stratified regression models were fitted to determine whether SHRC employment was associated with increased well-being. For men, actively working at a SHRC job was associated with greater well-being, compared to inactive members. And men with SHRC jobs and previous volunteering experience had the greatest increase in well-being. Women SHRC job holders did not experience increased well-being at the year's end. The study concludes that there is justification for exploring the usefulness of a similar program for American retirees who desire post-retirement part-time work.
An examination of the state of gerontology as observed from the office of the provost prepared for the 2012 GSA Kent Award Lecture. Strengths and weaknesses of the field are identified in the context of the changing environment of higher education. This article identifies specific recommendations for strengthening the field, particularly in the arena of theory development, with the implications for long-range financial support within research universities. The conclusion focuses on GSA leveraging a multidisciplinary team of scholars to sharpen gerontology's underlying theoretical concepts.
Abstract.The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently released a draft guidance for industry titled BDrug Products, Including Biological Products, that Contain Nanomaterials.^The FDA's attention to the unique safety and efficacy aspects of drugs containing nanomaterials is commendable. This Draft Guidance succeeds in acknowledging the complexity of these products, as well as the challenges associated with approving safe and therapeutically equivalent complex generic versions. However, the challenge posed by the manufacturing process for drugs containing nanomaterials is insufficiently addressed. The critical quality attributes of such products cannot be properly defined, and therefore it is not possible to design informative comparative physicochemical assessments for equivalence. As a consequence, the 505(j) Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) pathway, currently advised as the standard from the FDA, is not suitable for the approval of complex generic products. Drawing from the successful story of biologics, we propose instead a stepwise totality-of-evidence approach, demonstrating similarity and including clinical studies when deemed necessary, as an appropriate alternative to the 505(j) ANDA pathway.
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