The oxindole-3-acetic acids, oxidative metabolites of indole-3-acetic acid, were isolated from a byproduct of a corn starch manufacturing plant, and were further converted to the 3-hydroxyl derivatives in the presence of metal ion. The mechanical study was followed by a chemical analysis including other byproducts, and suggested the presence of an intermediate that had a radical at the C-3 position of oxindole-3-acetic acids.
BackgroundHyperfocus symptom is the intense concentration on a certain object. It is a common but often overlooked symptom in those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hyperfocus disrupts attention control and results in a focus on inappropriate behaviors. It allows individuals to focus on internet use and make them use internet excessively. This excessive internet use can lead to an addiction. This study investigated the status of IA and hyperfocus, the mediation effect of hyperfocus in relation to IA, and the relationship between ADHD subtypes and hyperfocus in those with ADHD symptoms.MethodsThis web-based cross-sectional study included 3,500 Japanese adults who completed internet-based questionnaires, which included the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and Hyperfocus Scale (HFS) to assess ADHD symptoms, internet dependence, and hyperfocus symptoms, respectively. The mediating role of HFS in the relationship between ASRS and IAT was assessed by mediation analysis. To analyze the relationship between hyperfocus symptoms and ADHD subtypes, we compared the correlation of HFS with the Inattention and Hyperactive Scores of ASRS.ResultsADHD traits were associated with higher IAT scores (p < 0.001) and higher HFS scores (p < 0.001). Mediation analysis and bootstrap testing showed that HFS significantly mediated the association between ASRS and IAT. Analyses of ADHD subtypes demonstrated that HFS was significantly correlated with the Inattention (R = 0.597, p < 0.001) and Hyperactive (R = 0.523, p < 0.001) Scores. The correlation between HFS and the Inattention Score was significantly higher than that between HFS and the Hyperactive Score (p < 0.001).ConclusionOur findings suggest that hyperfocus may play an important role in addictive behavior in ADHD as a manifestation of attentional control malfunction.
CYP1A2 enzymes, lowering the expected plasma levels of certain antipsychotics. 8 Therefore, asenapine add-on treatment might improve schizophrenia symptoms in individuals who had smoked in the previous 6 months. The RTS subgroup that included individuals with initial PANSS-P ≥ 20 (n = 17) had a more significant reduction in PANSS-P at the endpoint than the subgroup that included individuals with initial PANSS-P < 20 (Table S3). Other associations between some clinical factors and PANSS scores (Table S3) might not be robust because of the differences in patient numbers in each subgroup. However, discontinuation rates in both groups were similar (Table S4). Reported adverse events with a frequency of 10% or more in any groups included using an anticholinergic agent, oral paresthesia, somnolence, and weight gain (Table S5). The incidence of most adverse events in both groups was similar. However, the TRS group had 10% more individuals with weight gain than the RTS group. The recent meta-analyses demonstrated that the risk of weight gain was not pronounced in asenapine compared with other antipsychotics such as olanzapine and zotepine. 2,3 Although we cannot classify participants by the type of antipsychotic medication they were taking other than asenapine, differences in concomitant antipsychotics might influence this result.This post-hoc analysis demonstrated that asenapine add-on treatment might benefit individuals with TRS or RTS. Antipsychotic polypharmacy is frequent in clinical practice, despite the concern regarding the possibility of increased adverse effects and healthcare costs of antipsychotic polypharmacy. 9 The physicians would need to keep an eye on those patients' health. As asenapine treatment reduced only about five points of PANSS-T for both individuals, its clinical significance might be poor for some individuals who might be better off using clozapine.
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