Introduction Thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies are the most prevalent inherited anemias detected in South East Asians. These disorders represent not only a clinical health problem but also a socioeconomic problem for this region. Regarding the prevention and control of thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies in the Lao PDR, screening and diagnostic strategies should be strongly considered. The knowledge about the prevalence and molecular genotyping of thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies among the Lao Loum group, which includes the majority of Lao people, is now limited, making the prevention and control of thalassemias difficult. Methods This study aimed to determine the prevalence of thalassemia among Lao Loum subjects of reproductive age. Multiplex gap PCR and direct sequencing were used to investigate the mutations of α‐globin and β‐globin genes. Results Thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies were detected in 154 of 354 (43.50%) patients, and 22 different genotypes were identified in this cohort. Remarkably, high frequencies of hemoglobin E, α0 –thalassemia (‐‐SEA), and α+ –thalassemia (‐α3.7) were noted. A variety of hematologic features was observed, including co‐inheritance of heterozygous HbE and heterozygous α‐thalassemia, which was associated with significantly lower levels of MCV and MCH values than those observed in typical HbE heterozygotes. Female participants who were heterozygous for β0 or co‐inheritance of heterozygous βE with heterozygous α‐thalassemia exhibited mild anemia. Conclusion Our data show that thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies have become health problems imposing a serious burden in the Lao PDR. Prevention programs aimed at decreasing the incidence of severe thalassemia diseases should be designed and initiated.