The effectiveness of chitosan zinc oxide nanoparticles (CS-ZnO-NPs) on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Sakha-93), zinc content and water use efficiency (WUE) under water stress were investigated. A pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design by foliar application of CS-ZnO-NPs. Wheat plants were sprayed four times at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing. The treatments were: control (treated with distilled water), 50, 100 and 150 ppm of CS-ZnO-NPs under 100, 80 and 60% of field capacity. Water shortage has a negative effect on growth parameters and productivity of wheat plants. While the foliar application of 150 ppm CS-ZnO-NPs significantly increased (P≤0.05) NPK content, growth parameters which in turn led to increase the productivity. The highest values of wheat yield were: 4990.55, 4453.50 and 4350.50 kg/ha under 100 80 and 60% of irrigation water, respectively at 150 ppm CS-ZnO-NPs.The highest values of N, P and K content in wheat grain were 1.95, 0.43 and 1.66, respectively at 100% FC under150 ppm CS-ZnO-NPs compared to control. Zn content in wheat grain significantly increased (P≤0.05) by application of CS-ZnO-NPs. The interaction of supplementary irrigation water and CS-ZnO-NPs treatments gave clear variation in water use efficiency. The highest relative increase of WUE (23.03%) was at the highest rate of CS-ZnO-NPs (150 ppm). Overall, the data suggested that the foliar application of CS-ZnO-NPs can be an efficient strategy for improving wheat yield, water use efficiency under deficit water and one of the solutions for Zn deficiency in wheat grains.
HIS STUDY was conducted to examine the effect of amino acids solution (AAS) on faba bean growth and yield under different levels of saline water. AAS produced from shrimp shells wastes (deproteinization process). For achieve this purpose, AAS added at rates 0 (distilled water),1000,1500 and 2000 mg/L under 50 mM NaCl, 75 mM NaCl and 100 mM NaCl as compared to control (tap water). The plants sprayed by AAS at 25, 40, 55 and 70 days of sowing. The results obtained that there is a negative correlation between soil salinity and soil organic matter (r = -0.814). Also, irrigated faba bean plants with saline water gave a significance reduction in growth parameter (plant height, number of seeds per plant, and number of pods per plant) and productivity. Furthermore, there is a negative correlation between soil salinity and protein content (r = -0.645) and significance decrease in N, P and K concentrations. While foliar application of AAS recorded a significant increase in growth parameters and productivity. The highest percent increase of grain and straw yield were 71.94% and 49.05% at 50 mM NaCl; 102.36% and 41.8% at 75 mM NaCl, and 137.40% and 53.70% at100 mM NaCl, respectively under 2000 mg/L AAS. Foliar application of amino acids solution produced from shrimp waste considered a new technique for improving faba bean growth and productivity under salinity conditions. Furthermore, the application of amino acids solution at rates 1500 mg/L and 2000 mg/L was appeared a significant increase in faba bean productivity and water use efficiency.
Background Soil Salinity is one of the most important factors limiting crop production. Moreover, with the increasing population and saline soil worldwide there is no choice but to use saline soil to increase the agricultural area. Therefore, to increase carrot productivity under saline conditions, it's necessary to provide good management such as applying hydrogels and biochar for improving soil properties. Methodology Hydrogels (PEtOx-HEMA-CS) were prepared from poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), chitosan (CS), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA as crosslinker), by exposure those to gamma irradiation at range from 0–50 kGy with 0.9 kGy/h, and obtained three types of hydrogels according to concentration of chitosan. The PEtOx-HEMA-CS hydrogels were prepared for enhanced water holding capacity for agriculture purposes. The chemical structures of those were investigated by FTIR, XRD and SEM. Biochar (BC) as an active substance was physically mixed with those hydrogels at different ratios (0/100, 0.5/99.5, 1/99 and 100/0 (g/g) biochar/hydrogels). BC, PEtOx-HEMA-CS and the mixture of PEtOx-HEMA-CS-BC were mixed with saline soil at ratio 0.05 and 0.1% w/w of prepared materials/soil. Pot agriculture carrot experiments were conducted to mitigate the salinity hazards by using biochar with and without hydrogels. Findings The obtained data referred that there is a significant decrease in soil salinity and exchangeable sodium percentage and increase in organic matter, cation exchange capacity, field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water especially at (PEtOx-HEMA-CS5)0.1-BC1. The highest increment percentage of NP and K were 36.36, 70 and 72%, respectively. Also, the relative increase of carrot productivity was 49.63% at the highest rates of biochar and hydrogels. However, the highest value of water use efficiency was observed at the mixture of biochar and hydrogels at (PEtOx-HEMA-CS5)0.1-BC1. Conclusion Finally, applying biochar combined with (PEtOx-HEMA-CS5) could be recommended as a good approach to enhance carrot productivity and water use efficiency under saline soil conditions.
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