The aim of this study is to present the amount of soil nutrients and the geographical distribution of each of these nutrients in different parts of Sirwan district in different altitude units, especially in natural and unproduced soils Influence of the natural environment such as geological structures, altitude and climate types, each of these affect the soil characteristics of the region, especially geological structures such as limestone, which is the main source of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate These settlements are formed as a result of the transport and removal of minerals and organic materials from the mountains and forests to the plains and their deposition, which leads us to the conclusion that the soil of the region contains a good amount of nutrients but in different high and low units, but these different soils have not been exploited to the extent necessary, whether due to high and low altitude or any other reason. Because these soils can be used in different forms of agriculture such as swamps and stairs, especially in highland soils. The geographical location of the study area is located in the east of Kurdistan Region and south and southeast of Halabja province, the astronomical location of the study area lies in the latitude (8°:2−:35=) to (46°:18−:35=) north and longitude (45°:45−:2=) to (46°:10−:42=) east.
The population of the study area in particular, and population of the Kurdistan region in general have been facing water scarcity, and especially since the 1960s, due to climate change. Thus, the residents of the areas affected by water shortages have been forced to resort to drilling private water wells on their own properties. However, those wells do not provide sufficient quantities of water. To overcome water scarcity, this study tries to identify potential sites to build dams and reservoirs using geographic information systems (GIS) and accurate field data. The area under study is the southeastern part of Erbil Province which is approximately 689.90 km2 in area and has a height of 358 to 1321 m above the sea level. In this study, we have used an environmental impact assessment to evaluate the soil type، geological formations، climate، and land use in the area in order to locate the best sites to construct dams. We have also relied on contour maps with 50 m intervals to analyze the elevation of the area, and used geographic information systems such as ArcGIS10.8 and AHP that enabled us to identify suitablable dam construction sites to collect rainwater. This study recommends the construction of a number of dams and reservoirs in the area to harvest rainwater and use the water for a prolonged period of time during the dry seasons.
Geomorphological processes are considered one of the most important mean that have a significant role in the emergence and change of topography, and based on the reason for their emergence; these processes can be divided into some sorts of processes such as morpho tectonic, morpho climatic, morpho kinetic. In this study, we focus on morpho climatic processes that have a major role in the change of terrain and the emergence of new topography in the Bemo region. This is done with the help of all branches of the weathering process (mechanical weathering, chemical weathering, biological weathering), and erosion factors in all its branches (raindrop erosion, running water erosion, wind erosion), with the exception of sedimentation factors (aquatic and aerobic precipitation). To show the impact of climatic Morpho processes on the development of landforms in the Bemo region, which is the main objective of the study, the study was divided into an introduction and three main axes, and for this analytical methods were used. In conclusion, the results of weathering and erosion processes in the study area were presented, and based on the results, the study included some suggestions.
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