East-Oweinat area relies on groundwater as the main source for agricultural and domestic purposes. As the abstraction continues to increase at an alarming rate, groundwater is constantly being depleted. The present study showed that the water level declines in the last two decades (2000-2018) to reach 2.34 m/year. The resulted thematic maps show that the cultivated areas increased from 4,968 Feddan (1 Feddan = 4200 m 2) in year 2000 to 194,549 Feddan in year 2018 where, in the first decade (2000-2009), the total cultivated land was 51,229 Feddan and the groundwater abstraction was 2.5 billion m 3 during this period of time, while in the second period (2010-2018), the groundwater abstraction was 12.6 billion m 3 and the total cultivated land reached 194,549 Feddan. The groundwater abstraction in the second period (2010-2018) is about five times of the first period (2000-2009). The plant consumption of groundwater in East-Oweinat area for the cultivated area (194,549 Feddan) is 1.89 billion m 3 /year and the net annual groundwater abstraction from wells is 2.02 billion m 3 /year. Consequently, the available groundwater in East-Oweinat area can be used for sustain able development for about 174 years under good management of the present situation.
ntegrated Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing technology with an improved Soil Conservation Service curve number model were applied to analyze and assess the characteristics and impacts of the rainfall storm occurred at April 2018 in East Cairo. In addition, evaluating the effects of land use changes and urbanization on surface runoff is one of the main objectives in this study. Wadi Degla (195 km 2) and Wadi El-Halazouni (48 km 2), were selected for this study. The morphometric analysis revealed that, Wadi Degla and Wadi El-Halazouni have elongated shape and lower peak runoff of longer duration over its area. The return period calculations revealed that the storm of April 2018 may be happened only every 67 years. The HEC-HMS software is applied to estimate the peak discharge and runoff volume for two different cases (rural case at 1984 and urban case at 2018). The results revealed that the runoff volume of Wadi El-Halazouni attains about 252.3 x 10 3 m 3 and 416.7 x 10 3 m 3 for rural case and urban case, respectively. For Wadi Degla the runoff volume in rural case was estimated as 1434.6 x 10 3 m 3 , while in urban case it is reached about 1570.4 x 10 3 m 3 indicating more runoff volume of urban case than the rural case. It is recommended, in Wadi El-Halazouni catchment, to construct a rainwater drainage system to collect the rainfall water and use it for irrigation. In Wadi Degla, construction of storage dams along its main trunk is necessary to protect the urban area in the Delta of the wadi from the occasionally flash flood risk.
he objective of this research is to estimate the groundwater potentials of the Eocene limestone aquifer through the application of GIS technique on the collected and measured data of the drilled wells. Through the investigation of 53 drilled wells, the depth to water increases from 70.8 m at south to 103.8 m at north. The groundwater flow direction is from east to west and from south to north. The salinity ranges from 1000 mg/l to 2982 mg/l. The penetrated depth of the aquifer ranges between 175 m and 500 m. The Eocene fractured limestone aquifer is considered as highly productive aquifer having transmissivity values of 99-20160 m 2 /day and attaining specific capacity values range between < 18 m 3 /h/m and > 300 m 3 /h/m. The geologic structures have a considerable effect on aquifer productivity due to increasing the fracture systems and caves. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technique was applied as a tool to achieve the target of this study, where two scenarios were proposed. In scenario 1, the economic factor is the main factor in the process of extracting groundwater; the western and northeastern parts have the best priority representing 71.7% (100406 Feddan) of the investigated area. In scenario 2, the high productivity of groundwater is the influencing factor; the northern half of the study area and the southwestern corner have the high productivity zones representing about 60.8% (85058 Feddan) of the investigated area.
The study area lies to the northwest of Cairo at Km.34 (Cairo-Alexandria Desert Highway) between latitudes 30°00' 00" N & 30°10' 00" N and longitudes 30°50' 00" E & 31°10' 35" E. It attains an area of about 590 Km 2. The main objective of the present work is to focus on the configuration and assessment of groundwater potentials of the Tertiary aquifers including the Lower Miocene (Moghra Formation), Oligocene and Eocene limestone. These aquifers are considered as moderately productive where their transmissivity values are (197.5 &1352), 92.9 and 150 m 2 /day and their specific capacity are (5.9 & 12.7), 7.6 and 5.2 m 3 /h/m, for the Miocene, Oligocene and Eocene aquifers, respectively. The general flow direction of the groundwater is from east to west and from southeast to northwest with some local changes which may be attributed to the over-exploitation at these locations. The ranges of the water salinities of these aquifers are 288-3776, 2000-3100 and 2715-13120 mg/l for the Miocene, Oligocene and Eocene aquifers, respectively. The inferred faults play an important role in the direct hydraulic connection between the three aquifers.
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