Highlights Concomitant elevated expression of Caspase‐1 in respect of reduced eGFR among DN may serve as better explainable marker for the adverse prognosis of the disease Study may open new horizon to understand patho‐mechanism with the aid of Inflammasome‐complex.

BACKGROUNDThe exact prevalence of CKD in India is not known due to lack of regular national registry data and is provided only by small observational studies or personal experiences, and the quality of data is quite uneven. This study was undertaken with a view to throw some light on the present clinical and aetiological profile of CKD in this part of the country. We tried to find out, retrospectively, the possible aetiology and special emphasis on the history of intake of indigenous medicines in this part of the country. METHODSThis study is cross-sectional, retrospective and hospital based. The study was conducted at Medicine and Nephrology

BACKGROUND The prevalence of biopsy proven glomerular diseases varies according to the geographic area, race, age, demography and indication of renal biopsy. This has been poorly studied in the NorthEastern part of India, especially from Assam, the largest state, population-wise. METHODS This is a retrospective and observational study of kidney biopsy records and relevant clinical data of mainly adult patients. Patients (≥ 16 years old) presenting with significant proteinuria (> 2 g/24 hours) who attended our Medical College from October 2012 to September 2015 were subjected to kidney biopsy provided they were able to afford the cost and willing for the same. All biopsies were subjected to light and immunofluorescence microscopy. The histopathological pattern was analysed according to various clinical parameters. RESULTS A total of 136 kidney biopsies were included for analysis. 72 cases (52.9%) were males and 64 (47.1%) were females. Mean age of the patients was 37 ± 15.7 years. Among the patients, 85.3% (n = 116) were diagnosed with primary glomerular disease (PGD) and 14.7% (n = 20) were diagnosed with secondary glomerular disease (SGD). The most common histopathological lesion was minimal change disease (MCD) (27.9%) followed by membranous glomerulonephritis or nephropathy (MGN) (24.3%). In the age group ≥ 40 years, MGN (34.5%) was the predominant histological lesion followed by MCD (20.7%). Lupus nephritis (LN) (11%) was the most common secondary glomerular pathology. 20 of our patients (14.70%) had creatinine levels more than 1.5 mg/dL. CONCLUSION In this study, MCD was the commonest lesion in our northeast adult population in a wide age range. However, MGN was predominant in the middle age and elderly patients. This is in contrast to the trend in the increasing incidence of FSGS found in other parts of the country and western population.

Introduction: Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for an adequate growth and development of the kidney. Conversely, the kidney is not only an organ for metabolism and elimination of TH, but also a target organ of some of the iodothyronines’ actions. Thyroid dysfunction causes remarkable changes in glomerular and tubular functions and electrolyte and water homeostasis. Aim and Objective: To study the kidney function in hypothyroid patients. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study includes 38 known diagnosed case of primary hypothyroidism admitted in medicine wards and attending OPD in our hospital excluding pregnant woman, T2DM, patient with known renal disease, patients taking any drugs which can alter renal function & patients suffering from any illness that affect renal function. The collected blood and urine samples from the study population have been estimated for the study parameters. eGFR calculated by MDRD equation. Results: With a female preponderance of hypothyroidism, urine ACR <30mg/dl was seen in 58% cases, microalbuminuria in 30% cases while macroalbuminuria in 12% cases. High creatinine values seen in 42% cases, stage 2,3 CKD found in 46%,48% cases. A significant positive correlation between urinary Na, K, ACR, Urea, Creatinine with TSH level while an inverse relationship with eGFR and serum Na level. While Free T3 & T4 showing reverse relationship. eGFR was significantly higher, serum creatinine & blood urea is lower in patients who were on treatment. Conclusion: So in untreated hypothyroid patients, significant alteration in kidney functions occurs. TSH values are negatively correlated with eGFR and positively with microalbuminuria & other kidney functions. Free T3 & T4 have reverse relationship of serum TSH. Hypothyroid patients have higher urinary Na, K loss low eGFR higher serum creatinine, blood urea & albuminuria. It is recommended to check for kidney function in every hypothyroid patient to avoid early derangement of kidney function and to take necessary measure to prevent it.