Adiponectin is an adipose tissue specific protein that is decreased in subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes. The objective of the present study was to examine whether variants in the regulatory regions of the adiponectin gene contribute to type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians. The study comprised of 2,000 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) and 2,000 type 2 diabetic, unrelated subjects randomly selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES), in southern India. Fasting serum adiponectin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. We identified two proximal promoter SNPs (-11377C-->G and -11282T-->C), one intronic SNP (+10211T-->G) and one exonic SNP (+45T-->G) by SSCP and direct sequencing in a pilot study (n = 500). The +10211T-->G SNP alone was genotyped using PCR-RFLP in 4,000 study subjects. Logistic regression analysis revealed that subjects with TG genotype of +10211T-->G had significantly higher risk for diabetes compared to TT genotype [Odds ratio 1.28; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.07-1.54; P = 0.008]. However, no association with diabetes was observed with GG genotype (P = 0.22). Stratification of the study subjects based on BMI showed that the odds ratio for obesity for the TG genotype was 1.53 (95%CI 1.3-1.8; P < 10(-7)) and that for GG genotype, 2.10 (95% CI 1.3-3.3; P = 0.002). Among NGT subjects, the mean serum adiponectin levels were significantly lower among the GG (P = 0.007) and TG (P = 0.001) genotypes compared to TT genotype. Among Asian Indians there is an association of +10211T-->G polymorphism in the first intron of the adiponectin gene with type 2 diabetes, obesity and hypoadiponectinemia.
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with metabolic diseases like Type-2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and insulin resistance. Previous studies have evaluated the effects of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) separately in isolation rather than studying the combined effects of both hormones together as a reflection of the status of the PTH-Vitamin D axis. Low vitamin D coupled with increased PTH may be a better indicator, which is the novelty of the present study. A total of 151 Type 2 diabetic subjects attending the outpatient clinics of endocrinology department of MMC&RI, Mysore, were chosen for the study. Vitamin D, PTH, calcitonin and Insulin levels were analysed using chemiluminescence Immuno assay techniques. Comparison was made between normal (vitamin D >20ng/ml) and vitamin D deficient (vitamin D <20ng/ml) groups. Significant increase in FBS, HbA1c, insulin levels and HOMA-IR value was seen in vitamin D deficient group (p<0.05). Vitamin D was negatively correlated with PTH, FBS, PPBS and HbA1c at p<0.01. Significant vitamin D deficiency and increased PTH levels are seen in Type 2 diabetic subjects. Insulin resistance was more common among diabetic subjects having both vitamin D deficiency and elevated PTH when compared to those diabetics with isolated vitamin D or elevated PTH.
Int. J. Adv. Res. 7(1), 868-875 874 suggesting the possible involvement of APOE in regulating bone turnover markers. More studies are required at molecular level to understand the impact of APOE alleles in osteoporosis.
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD is one of the leading causes of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis NASH cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and is a major risk factor in hepatic insulin resistance IR. IR appears to be a common pathophysiological link between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus T2DM and limited information is available on the association of NAFLD with IR in T2DM individuals. We decided to determine whether there is association of NAFLD with IR in T2DM subjects.Material amp Methods Study involving 151 53 males 98 females T2DM subjects were screened for NAFLD using abdominal ultrasound scanning clinical assessment and biochemical parameters. IR was calculated using HOMA-IR. Association between NAFLD and IR was tested by Chi-square analysis. Significant difference between NAFLD and non-NAFLD subgroups was analyzed by t-test and z-test.Results The prevalence of NAFLD IR and hypertension in T2DM subjects were found to be 73 81 and 80 respectively. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of these between male amp female. However the prevalence of obesity and central obesity was significantly high in females. The comparison between NAFLD and non-NAFLD subgroups showed significantly high prevalence of IR hypertension obesity central obesity elevated SGPT and TG in NAFLD group. However there was no significant difference in mean values of serum biochemical parameters except TG VLDL and SGPT. NAFLD showed strong association with IR OR 13.ConclusionThe study indicated high prevalence of NAFLD and IR and strong association between them in diabetic population.
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