Urban Air Mobility-defined as safe and efficient air traffic operations in a metropolitan area for manned aircraft and unmanned aircraft systems-is being researched and developed by industry, academia, and government. Significant resources have been invested toward cultivating an ecosystem for Urban Air Mobility that includes manufacturers of electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, builders of takeoff and landing areas, and researchers of the airspace integration concepts, technologies, and procedures needed to conduct Urban Air Mobility operations safely and efficiently alongside other airspace users. This paper provides high-level descriptions of both emergent and early expanded operational concepts for Urban Air Mobility that NASA is developing. The scope of this work is defined in terms of missions, aircraft, airspace, and hazards. Past and current Urban Air Mobility operations are also reviewed, and the considerations for the data exchange architecture and communication, navigation, and surveillance requirements are also discussed. This paper will serve as a starting point to develop a framework for NASA's Urban Air Mobility airspace integration research and development efforts with partners and stakeholders that could include fast-time simulations, human-in-the-loop simulations, and flight demonstrations.A https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180005218 2020-07-07T23:11:55+00:00Z of ODM that is focused on air traffic operations in metropolitan areas with aircraft capable of seating a small number of passengers or equivalent volume of goods flying trips of about 100 nautical miles (nmi) or less.The technologies and procedures required for ODM were investigated in a NASA study [14] that covered the range of the airspace integration problem, including mission planning, separation from hazards (e.g., terrain, obstacles, other aircraft), contingency management, demand-capacity balancing, traffic flow management, as well as sequencing, scheduling, and spacing. A similar spectrum of topics will be covered in this complementary paper on UAM airspace integration. This paper also describes at a high level NASA's initial airspace integration concepts for both emergent and early expanded UAM operations. It also serves as a framework for NASA's UAM airspace integration research and development efforts with partners and stakeholders.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II reviews past and current UAM operations. Section III presents an overview of UAM, including the goals, principles, barriers, and benefits. This section also discusses the competing considerations that need to be taken into account and balanced for UAM operations, as well as the requirements for communication, navigation, and surveillance. Section IV defines the scope of the concepts with regard to missions, aircraft, airspace, and hazards. Section V describes at a high level NASA's initial airspace integration concepts for both emergent and early expanded UAM operations. Section VI discusses NASA's plan to develop and refi...

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This paper investigates routes and procedures for Urban Air Mobility (UAM), which aims to reduce congestion on the roads and highways by offering air taxi as an alternative to driving. The routes and procedures being explored are current-day helicopter routes along with different communication procedures that are available as tools in the near-term. Three different levels of UAM traffic were evaluated in the Dallas Fort Worth (DFW) area. The current-day helicopter routes were modified to separate them from traditional traffic, and a Letter of Agreement (LOA) was introduced in some of the conditions to reduce verbal communications. We found that modifications to the routes and introduction of LOA helped increase the number of UAM flights that the controllers reported they could manage and reduce their communications, which made controller self-reported workload more operationally acceptable. However, the self-reported workload experienced by busy airport towers cannot be effectively managed via the usage of LOA and modified helicopter routes, suggesting there is an opportunity to re-think roles and responsibilities of the UAM system participants.

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A simulation was conducted at NASA Ames Research Center that compared how crews handled voice and data link air traffic control (ATC) messages in a single medium versus a mixed voice and data link ATC environment. The interval between ATC messages was also varied to examine the influ ence of time pressure. Results indicated that for messages sent via voice, transaction times were lengthened in the mixed media environment for closely spaced messages. The type of environment did not affect data link times. However, messages times were lengthened in both single and mixedmodality environments under time pressure. Closely spaced messages also increased the number of requests for clarification for voice messages in the mixed environment and review log use for data link messages. Thus, when time pressure is introduced, the mix of voice and data link does not necessarily capitalize on the advantages of both media. These findings emphasize the need to develop procedures for managing communication in m ixed voice and data link environments.

NASA has been working with the FAA and aviation industry partners to develop and demonstrate new concepts and technologies that integrate arrival, departure, and surface traffic management capabilities. In the fall of 2017, NASA began deployment of their technologies in a phased manner to assist with the integrated surface and airspace operations at Charlotte Douglas International Airport (Charlotte, NC). Initial technologies included a tactical surface metering tool and data exchange elements between the airline-controlled ramp and Federal Aviation Administration controlled ATC Tower. In this paper, we focus on the procedures associated with the tactical surface metering tool used in the ramp control tower. This tool was first calibrated in Human-In-the-Loop simulations and was further developed when it was used in the operational world. This paper describes the collaborative procedures that the users exercised in their respective operational worlds to enable surface metering and how several metrics were used to improve the metering algorithm.