In the constructed habitat in which we spend up to 90% of our time, architectural design influences occupants' behavioral patterns, interactions with objects, surfaces, rituals, the outside environment, and each other. Within this built environment, human behavior and building design contribute to the accrual and dispersal of microorganisms; it is a collection of fomites that transfer microorganisms; reservoirs that collect biomass; structures that induce human or air movement patterns; and space types that encourage proximity or isolation between humans whose personal microbial clouds disperse cells into buildings. There have been recent calls to incorporate building microbiology into occupant health and exposure research and standards, yet the built environment is largely viewed as a repository for microorganisms which are to be eliminated, instead of a habitat which is inexorably linked to the microbial influences of building inhabitants. Health sectors have re-evaluated the role of microorganisms in health, incorporating microorganisms into prevention and treatment protocols, yet no paradigm shift has occurred with respect to microbiology of the built environment, despite calls to do so. Technological and logistical constraints often preclude our ability to link health outcomes to indoor microbiology, yet sufficient study exists to inform the theory and implementation of the next era of research and intervention in the built environment. This review presents built environment characteristics in relation to human health and disease, explores some of the current experimental strategies and interventions which explore health in the built environment, and discusses an emerging model for fostering indoor microbiology rather than fearing it.

Field-containing inductors are required in certain simulator applications e.g., elements of pulse shaping networks, terminators for transmission lines etc. Typical coils such as solenoids have a large magnetic dipole moment resulting in excessive interfering magnetic fields. An improved design based on the traditional toroidal coil windings is presented. This new design consisting of two windings is capable of higher voltage operation. Optimal shapes, energy and forces exerted are also discussed. The normalized plots of attainable inductance for varying geometrical parameters presented in this note should prove useful in future designs and applications.

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The initial luminescence loss of fluorescent OLEDs utilizing triplet–triplet annihilation is not only caused by quenching of singlet exciton with neutral quenchers but also by that of triplet excitons with positively charged quenchers.

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This work demonstrates the enhancement of the outcoupling efficiency in organic light-emitting diodes via patterning the substrate at the air/glass interface by a femtosecond laser. This patterning technique is completed via a one-step process and thus eliminates the need for complex multi-step fabrication processes, common among outcoupling structures. Comparisons among patterned devices with and without a thick hole injection layer show that intrinsic guided losses can be recovered and extracted into free space, thus achieving an increase in outcoupling efficiency by about 31% and 61%, respectively.

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