In many ways, cancer cells are different from healthy cells. A lot of tactical nano-based drug delivery systems are based on the difference between cancer and healthy cells. Currently, nanotechnology-based delivery systems are the most promising tool to deliver DNA-based products to cancer cells. This review aims to highlight the latest development in the lipids and polymeric nanocarrier for siRNA delivery to the cancer cells. It also provides the necessary information about siRNA development and its mechanism of action. Overall, this review gives us a clear picture of lipid and polymer-based drug delivery systems, which in the future could form the base to translate the basic siRNA biology into siRNA-based cancer therapies.

Background: A small library of quinazolin-4-one clubbed thiazole acetates/acetamides lacking toxicity-producing functionalities was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antidiabetic potential as glucokinase activators (GKA). Molecular docking studies were done in the allosteric site of the human glucokinase (PDB ID: 1V4S) enzyme to assess the binding mode and interactions of synthesized hits for best-fit conformations. All the compounds were evaluated by in vitro enzymatic assay for GK activation. Results: Data showed that compounds 3 (EC 50 = 632 nM) and 4 (EC 50 = 516 nM) showed maximum GK activation compared to the standards RO-281675 and piragliatin. Based on the results of the in vitro enzyme assay, docking studies, and substitution pattern, selected compounds were tested for their glucose-lowering effect in vivo by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal rats. Compounds 3 (133 mg/dL) and 4 (135 mg/dL) exhibited prominent activity by lowering the glucose level to almost normal, eliciting the results in parallel to enzyme assay and docking studies. Binding free energy, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions of most active quinazolin-4-one derivatives 3 and 4 with key amino acid residues of the 1V4S enzyme were studied precisely. Preliminary in-silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) prediction was carried out using SwissADME and PreADMET online software which revealed that all the compounds have the potential to become orally active antidiabetic agents as they obeyed Lipinski's rule of five. Conclusion: The results revealed that the designed lead could be significant for the strategic design of safe, effective, and orally bioavailable quinazolinone derivatives as glucokinase activators.

Anatomical complications of the craniofacial regions often present considerable challenges to the surgical repair or replacement of the damaged tissues. Surgical repair has its own set of limitations, including scarcity of the donor tissues, immune rejection, use of immune suppressors followed by the surgery, and restriction in restoring the natural aesthetic appeal. Rapid advancement in the field of biomaterials, cell biology, and engineering has helped scientists to create cellularized skeletal muscle-like structures. However, the existing method still has limitations in building large, highly vascular tissue with clinical application. With the advance in the three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technique, scientists and clinicians now can produce the functional implants of skeletal muscles and bones that are more patient-specific with the perfect match to the architecture of their craniofacial defects. Craniofacial tissue regeneration using 3D bioprinting can manage and eliminate the restrictions of the surgical transplant from the donor site. The concept of creating the new functional tissue, exactly mimicking the anatomical and physiological function of the damaged tissue, looks highly attractive. This is crucial to reduce the donor site morbidity and retain the esthetics. 3D bioprinting can integrate all three essential components of tissue

Three crucial anticancer scaffolds, namely indolin-2-one, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, and aziridine, are explored to synthesize virtually screened target molecules based on the c-KIT kinase protein. The stem cell factor receptor c-KIT was selected as target because most U.S. FDA-approved receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors bearing the indolin-2-one scaffold profoundly inhibit c-KIT. Molecular hybrids of indolin-2-one with 1,3,4-thiadiazole ( IIIa – m ) and aziridine ( VIa and VIc ) were afforded through a modified Schiff base green synthesis using β-cyclodextrin-SO 3 H in water as a recyclable proton-donor catalyst. A computational study found that indolin-2,3-dione forms a supramolecular inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin-SO 3 H through noncovalent interactions. A molecular docking study of all the synthesized compounds was executed on the c-KIT kinase domain, and most compounds displayed binding affinities similar to that of Sunitinib. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic significance of the aryl thioether linkage in small molecules, 1,3,4-thiadiazole hybrids ( IIIa – m ) were extended to a new series of 3-((5-(phenylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)imino)indolin-2-ones ( IVa – m ) via thioetherification using bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)dichloride as the catalyst for C–S bond formation. Target compounds were tested against NCI-60 human cancer cell lines for a single-dose concentration. Among all three series of indolin-2-ones, the majority of compounds demonstrated broad-spectrum activity toward various cancer cell lines. Compounds IVc and VIc were further evaluated for a five-dose anticancer study. Compound IVc showed a potent activity of IC 50 = 1.47 μM against a panel of breast cancer cell lines, whereas compound VIc exhibited the highest inhibition for a panel of colon cancer cell lines at IC 50 = 1.40 μM. In silico ADME property descriptors of all the target molecules are in an acceptable range. Machine learning algorithms were used to examine the metabolites and phase I and II regioselectivities of compounds IVc and VIc , and the results suggested that these two compounds could be potential leads for the treatment of cancer.

Some (E/Z)-aminocarbonyl arylvinylbenzamides (B1-B15) were synthesized, evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity and ulcerogenic tendency, and their effect on gastro-intestinal motility in the rats was studied. These benzamides comprising of aliphatic unsaturated region situated between two amide linkages were synthesized by nucleophilic ring opening of appropriate azlactones (AZ1-AZ4) by suitable amines. The characterization of newly synthesized benzamides was performed by IR, (1)H- and (13)C-NMR, mass and elemental analysis. Amongst the tested compounds, benzamide B1, B2, B4, B5, and B13 were able to produce comparable or superior anti-inflammatory activity at 10 and 20 mg/kg p.o. dose with respect to standard diclofenac in carrageenan induced rat paw edema model with lessened propensity to cause gastro-intestinal hypermotility and were found to have nil tendencies to generate gastric ulcers.