Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by homogeneous precipitation and calcination method and were then characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Synthesized ZnO was found to have no impurity and had a dimension ranging from 30-70 nm with an average of 50 nm. The effect of these ZnO nanoparticles as cure activator was studied for the first time in natural rubber (NR) and nitrile rubber (NBR) and compared with conventional rubber grade ZnO with special reference to mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. From the rheograph, the maximum torque value was found to increase for both NR and NBR compounds containing ZnO nanoparticles. ZnO nanoparticles were found to be more uniformly dispersed in the rubber matrix in comparison with the conventional rubber grade ZnO as evident from scanning electron microscopy/X-ray dot mapping analysis. The tensile strength was observed to improve by 80% for NR when ZnO nanoparticles were used as cure activator instead of conventional rubber grade ZnO. An improvement of 70% was observed in the case of NBR. The glass transition temperature (T g ) showed a positive shift by 68C for both NR and NBR nanocomposites, which indicated an increase in crosslinking density. The swelling ratio was found to decrease in the case of both NR and NBR, and volume fraction of rubber in swollen gel was observed to increase, which supported the improvement in mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles assembled in one dimension to give rod-shaped morphology were synthesized. The effect of these ZnO nanoparticles (average particle size $ 50 nm) as the curing agent for carboxylated nitrile rubber was studied with special attention to cure characteristics, mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and swelling. These results were compared with those of the conventional rubber grade ZnO. The study confirmed that the ZnO nanoparticles gave a better state of cure and higher maximum torque with a marginal decrease in optimum cure time and scorch time. The mechanical properties also showed an improvement. There was an increase in tensile strength by $ 120%, elongation at break by $ 20%, and modulus at 300% elongation by $ 30% for the vulcanizate cured with ZnO nanoparticles, as compared with the one containing rubber grade ZnO. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the vulcanizates exhibited two transitionsone occurring at lower temperature due to the T g of the polymer, while the second at higher temperature corresponding to the hard phase arising due to the ionic structures. The second transition showed a peak broadening because of an increase in the points of interaction of ZnO nanoparticles with the matrix. The tan d peak showed a shift towards higher T g in the case of ZnO nanoparticle-cured vulcanizate, indicating higher crosslinking density. This was further confirmed by volume fraction of rubber in the swollen gel and infrared spectroscopic studies.
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