A B S T R A C TFusarium crown rot (CR) of wheat is one of the most important diseases known from regions of the world where cereal crops are produced. In this study, we examined the mating types of F. culmorum CR strains isolated across Iraq, including more arid regions within the country. The result showed two mating compatibility (MAT) type idiomorphs of F. culmorum are present in Iraq, with 27.6% of the isolates examined representing the MAT-1 type and 72.4% representing the MAT-2 type. The MAT-1 type was commonly found among isolates from the mid-latitudes of Iraq, this being a warmer and drier region as compared to the country's northern region; however, it was also detected from one isolate from a northern site. The MAT-2 type, however, was more broadly distributed across Iraq and was also detected among many isolates from the mid-latitude region. Thus specific biogeographic patterns were not apparent for mating compatibility idiomorphs. The mating types characterized here were also compared to chemotypes known for these same isolates and characterized in a previous study. This comparison revealed the MAT-1 type was found only among DON chemotype isolates, while the MAT-2 type was found among both DON and NIV chemotype isolates. Thus, there does not appear to be a direct correspondence between chemotype and mating compatibility idiomorphs within Iraq. Overall, a broader sampling across the country with more isolates being examined at each site is advised.
Fusarium crown rot (FCR), caused by Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G.Sm) Sacc., is an important disease of wheat both in Iraq and other regions of wheat production worldwide. Changes in environmental conditions and cultural practices such as crop rotation generate stress on pathogen populations leading to the evolution of new strains that can tolerate more stressful environments. This study aims to investigate the genetic diversity among isolates of F. culmorum in Iraq. Twenty-nine samples were collected from different regions of wheat cultivation in Iraq to investigate the pathogenicity and genetic diversity of F. culmorum using the REP-PCR technique. Among the twenty-nine isolates of F. culmorum examined for pathogenicity, 96% were pathogenic to wheat at the seedling stage. The most aggressive isolate, from Baghdad, was IF 0021 at 0.890 on the FCR severity index. Three primer sets were used to assess the genotypic diversity via REP, ERIC and BOX elements. The amplicon sizes ranged from 200-800 bp for BOX-ERIC2, 110-1100 bp for ERIC-ERIC2 and 200-1300 bp for REP. In total, 410 markers were polymorphic, including 106 for BOX, 175 for ERIC and 129 for the REP. Genetic similarity was calculated by comparing markers according to minimum variance (Squared Euclidean). Clustering analysis generated two major groups, group 1 with two subgroup 1a and 1b with 5 and 12 isolates respectively, and group 2 with two subgroups 2a and 2b with 3 and 9 isolates respectively. This is the first study in this field that has been reported in Iraq.
Fusarium crown rot (FCR), caused by Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G.Sm) Sacc., is an important disease of wheat both in Iraq and other regions of wheat production worldwide. Changes in environmental conditions and cultural practices such as crop rotation generate stress on pathogen populations leading to the evolution of new strains that can tolerate more stressful environments. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity among isolates of F. culmorum in Iraq. Twenty-nine samples were collected from different regions of wheat cultivation in Iraq to investigate the pathogenicity and genetic diversity of F. culmorum using the repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP-PCR) technique. Among the 29 isolates of F. culmorum examined for pathogenicity, 96% were pathogenic to wheat at the seedling stage. The most aggressive isolate, from Baghdad, was IF 0021 at 0.890 on the FCR severity index. Three primer sets were used to assess the genotypic diversity via REP, ERIC and BOX elements. The amplicon sizes ranged from 200-800 bp for BOX-ERIC2, 110-1100 bp for ERIC-ERIC2 and 200-1300 bp for REP. A total of 410 markers were polymorphic, including 106 for BOX, 175 for ERIC and 129 for the REP. Genetic similarity was calculated by comparing markers according to minimum variance (Squared Euclidean). Clustering analysis generated two major groups, group 1 with two subgroups 1a and 1b with 5 and 12 isolates, respectively, and group 2 with two subgroups 2a and 2b with 3 and 9 isolates, respectively. This is the first study in this field that has been reported in Iraq.
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