In soybean, the I gene inhibits pigmentation over the entire seed coat, resulting in yellow seeds. It is thought that this suppression of seed coat pigmentation is due to naturally occurring RNA silencing of chalcone synthase genes (CHS silencing). Fully pigmented seeds can be found among harvested yellow seeds at a very low percentage. These seed coat pigmented (scp) mutants are generated from yellow soybeans by spontaneous recessive mutation of the I gene. A candidate for the I gene, GmIRCHS, contains a perfect inverted repeat (IR) of a CHS pseudogene (pseudoCHS3) and transcripts of GmIRCHS form a double-stranded CHS RNA that potentially triggers CHS silencing. One CHS gene, ICHS1, is located 680 bp downstream of GmIRCHS. Here, the GmIRCHS–ICHS1 cluster was compared in scp mutants of various origins. In these mutants, sequence divergence in the cluster resulted in complete or partial loss of GmIRCHS in at least the pseudoCHS3 region. This result is consistent with the notion that the IR of pseudoCHS3 is sufficient to induce CHS silencing, and further supports that GmIRCHS is the I gene.
We classify a supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model by discrete symmetries originating from finite modular symmetries Γ N . Since all the couplings in supersymmetric theories of finite modular symmetries Γ N are described by holomorphic modular forms with even modular weights, renormalizable and non-renormalizable operators such as baryon-and/or lepton-number violating operators are severely constrained. From the modular transformation of matter multiplets with modular weight 1/M , we find Z 2M symmetries, including the generalized baryon and lepton parities, R-parity, Z 3 baryon triality and Z 6 proton hexality. Such Z M symmetries are enlarged to Z M Z CP 2 symmetries together with the CP transformation.
We classify a supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model by discrete symmetries originating from finite modular symmetries ΓN. Since all the couplings in supersymmetric theories of finite modular symmetries ΓN are described by holomorphic modular forms with even modular weights, renormalizable and non-renormalizable operators such as baryon- and/or lepton-number violating operators are severely constrained. From the modular transformation of matter multiplets with modular weight 1/M, we find $\mathbb {Z}_{2M}$ symmetries, including the generalized baryon and lepton parities, R-parity, $\mathbb {Z}_3$ baryon triality and $\mathbb {Z}_6$ proton hexality. Such $\mathbb {Z}_{2M}$ symmetries are enlarged to $\mathbb {Z}_{2M} \rtimes \mathbb {Z}_2^{\text{CP}}$ symmetries together with the CP transformation.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.