Lithium has been electrochemically intercalated from a 1:2 (v/v) mixed solution of ethylene carbonate (EC) and methylethyl carbonate (MEC) containing 1 M LiClO 4 into graphite, and the lithium isotope fractionation accompanying the intercalation was observed. The lighter isotope was preferentially fractionated into graphite. The single-stage lithium isotope separation factor ranged from 1.007 to 1.025 at 25 • C and depended little on the mole ratio of lithium to carbon of the lithium-graphite intercalation compounds (Li-GIC) formed. The separation factor inceased with the relative content of lithium. This dependence seems consistent with the existence of an equilibrium isotope effect between the solvated lithium ion in the EC/MEC electrolyte solution and the lithium in graphite, and with the formation of a solid electrolyte interfaces on graphite at the early stage of intercalation.
A quantitative study of the focus tuning by a liquid crystal lens in an imaging system composed of a camera module and the liquid crystal lens that performs the focusing function is reported. The resolving capability of the imaging system is investigated by analyzing the image of an ISO12233 chart formed by the system. Measurements show that with the focus tuning by the liquid crystal lens, the resolving power of the system can be very close to that of the camera module.
Based on the ab initio molecular orbital theory at the HF/6-31G(d) level, the effect of hydration on the reduced partition function ratio (RPFR) of the monoborate anion (B(OH) − 4 ) is evaluated in order to better understand boron isotope fractionation observed in aqueous systems. Aquoborate anions up to decaaquoborate anion, B(OH) − 4 (H 2 O) 10 , were considered and their geometry optimization and RPFR calculations were carried out. It was induced that hydration decreased the ln(RPFR) value of B(OH) − 4 by ca. 1.2%.
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