It has been thought that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of many endocytic proteins, including amphiphysin I and dynamin I. Here, we show that Cdk5/p35-dependent cophosphorylation of amphiphysin I and dynamin I plays a critical role in such processes. Cdk5 inhibitors enhanced the electric stimulation–induced endocytosis in hippocampal neurons, and the endocytosis was also enhanced in the neurons of p35-deficient mice. Cdk5 phosphorylated the proline-rich domain of both amphiphysin I and dynamin I in vitro and in vivo. Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of amphiphysin I inhibited the association with β-adaptin. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of dynamin I blocked its binding to amphiphysin I. The phosphorylation of each protein reduced the copolymerization into a ring formation in a cell-free system. Moreover, the phosphorylation of both proteins completely disrupted the copolymerization into a ring formation. Finally, phosphorylation of both proteins was undetectable in p35-deficient mice.

A B S T R A C T Tension-compression and rotating-bending fatigue tests were carried out using aluminium alloy 2024-T3, in 3% NaCl solution. The corrosion pit growth characteristics, and also the fatigue crack initiation and propagation behaviour were investigated in detail. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (i) Most of corrosion fatigue life (60-80%) is occupied with a period of corrosion pit growth at low-stress amplitude. The corrosion pit growth law can be expressed as functions of stress amplitude σ a and an elapsed time t. (ii) The critical stress intensity factor for crack initiation from the corrosion pit was determined as 0.25 MPa √ m. This value is the same as the threshold stress intensity factor range for crack propagation. (iii) Corrosion fatigue life can be estimated on the basis of corrosion pit growth law and crack propagation law. The estimated fatigue lives agree well with the experimental data.

Locking of two resonance modes of different symmetry classes and different frequencies in 2D resonant microcavity lasers is investigated by using a nonlinear dynamical model. The patterns of stationary lasing states and far fields are asymmetric in spite of the symmetric shape of the resonant microcavity. The corresponding phenomenon is actually observed in the experiment of a 2D semiconductor microcavity laser diode.

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We present theoretical models of two-dimensional ͑2D͒ microcavity lasers. The relation between stationary lasing modes and resonances or metastable states is elucidated for arbitrary shapes of 2D resonant microcavities.

The Sagnac effect in two dimensional (2D) resonant microcavities is studied theoretically and numerically. The frequency shift due to the Sagnac effect occurs as a threshold phenomenon for the angular velocity in a rotating microcavity. Above the threshold, the eigenfunctions of a rotating microcavity become rotating waves while they are standing waves below the threshold.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

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In rotating ring resonators, resonant frequencies are split because of the Sagnac effect. The rotation sensitivity of the frequency splitting characterizes the sensitivity of resonator-based optical gyroscopes. In this paper, it is shown that the sensitivity of frequency splitting can be significantly enhanced in a ring resonator operating at an exceptional point (EP), which is a non-Hermitian degeneracy where two eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenmodes coalesce. As an example, a ring resonator with a periodic structure is proposed and theoretically and numerically studied. It is numerically demonstrated that in the resonator operating near an EP, the rotation-induced frequency splitting can be more than two orders greater than that in conventional ring resonators. In addition, this paper discusses the influence of the resonator loss on the measurement sensitivity of the frequency splitting and a method of rotation detection based on rotation-induced changes of eigenmodes near an EP.