AVGs could represent an interesting spare physical activity for postpartum women. In the present study, these games promoted physical activity, induced a reduction of energy intake, and subsequently minimized weight retention.

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Cysteinyldopas and Dopa in the urine and tissues of Japanese melanoma patients were investigated quantitatively by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. Cysteinyldopa isomers were detected in the urine of eumelanic Japanese patients. The amount (X +/- SD%) of each isomer of cysteinyldopa in the urine was 80.26 +/- 4.66% in 5-S-cysteinyldopa, 9.39 +/- 1.64% in 2-S-cysteinyldopa, 7.07 +/- 3.33% in 2, 5-S, S-dicysteinyldopa, and 3.28 +/- 1.43% in 6-S-cysteinyldopa. The amount of cysteinyldopa in melanoma tissues was 26-314 times more than that of Dopa. The amount (X +/- SD%) of cysteinyldopa in the tissues was 80.34 +/- 1.75% in 5-S-cysteinyldopa, 11.06 +/- 1.91% in 2-S-cysteinyldopa, 6.27 +/- 1.43% in 2, 5-S, S-dicysteinyldopa, and 2.34 +/- 0.61% in 6-S-cysteinyldopa. The fact that the percentages of each isomer of cysteinyldopa in the urine and in the tissues were approximately constant suggests that the cysteinyldopas secreted from melanoma cells were excreted into the urine without being metabolized.

To meet the more stringent environmental requirements of automobile exhaust gas emissions, diesel engines have recently received increased attention due to their high heat efficiency. To lower fuel consumption and reduce exhaust gas simultaneously, fuel combustion must be more precisely controlled. For example, the oxygen concentration, which affects emissions, is controlled by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and variable nozzle turbo (VNT). However, realizing a controlled design is difficult due to system non-linearity and strong interference between EGR and VNT. Recently, various design methods have employed the so-called model-based control design, but this design approach is difficult to use when the controlled object is complex. Currently, mass production uses gain scheduling of map-based on proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, in which each gain is tuned at various operational points. However, map calibration has many drawbacks, including time-consuming tuning, difficulty tuning during transient operations and problems adapting to the individual variations in the engine characteristics. This study proposes a construction method for a model-free adaptive PID controller using the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) and its performance is confirmed in an engine bench test.