Freshwater quality and quantity are some of the fundamental requirements for sustaining human life and civilization. The Water Quality Index is the most extensively used parameter for determining water quality worldwide. However, the traditional approach for the calculation of the WQI is often complex and time consuming since it requires handling large data sets and involves the calculation of several subindices. We investigated the performance of artificial intelligence techniques, including particle swarm optimization (PSO), a naive Bayes classifier (NBC), and a support vector machine (SVM), for predicting the water quality index. We used an SVM and NBC for prediction, in conjunction with PSO for optimization. To validate the obtained results, groundwater water quality parameters and their corresponding water quality indices were found for water collected from the Pindrawan tank area in Chhattisgarh, India. Our results show that PSO–NBC provided a 92.8% prediction accuracy of the WQI indices, whereas the PSO–SVM accuracy was 77.60%. The study’s outcomes further suggest that ensemble machine learning (ML) algorithms can be used to estimate and predict the Water Quality Index with significant accuracy. Thus, the proposed framework can be directly used for the prediction of the WQI using the measured field parameters while saving significant time and effort.
Industrial robot is extensively used in all major manufacturing and assembly line throughout the world. In order to properly actuate the robot links, it is necessary to calculate the torque required at link joints. In this paper we consider a two degrees of freedom robot manipulator having two rotary joints J1 and J2. This is a classic example of inverse dynamics problem, inverse dynamics in robotics used to calculate torque or force required at joints from known values of link mass, velocity, and acceleration and we choose lagrangian formulation to solve equation of motion. In addition, Robo analyzer software we plot the torque values for predefined value of centre of gravity and link mass.
The increasing trends in wind energy technology are motivating the researchers to work in this area with the aim towards the optimization of the energy extraction from the wind and the injection of the quality power into the grid. Over the last few years, wind generators based on permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) are becoming the more popular solution for the modern wind energy conversion systems (WECSs). This paper presents a critical review of the grid-integrated WECSs employing permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs). It reviews the trends in different configurations, converter topologies, control methodologies, and methods for maximum energy extraction in PMSG based WECSs, which have been reported in various research literatures primarily in reputed research journals and transactions during last few years.
Water is important for living organisms on the Earth. Present development activities have put pressure on water resources. Groundwater is under more stress because of high exploitation for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. In the arid to semi-arid climatic zones groundwater is very important for sustaining day to day activities and agriculture and industrial purposes. The present study area Charkhi Dadri block in Charkhi Dadri district, Haryana was selected to 0 0 study groundwater quality for drinking purpose. The geo-coordinates of the study area are latitudes 28.49 N to 28.70 N 0 0 and longitudes 76.05 E to 76.47 E and covers an area of 396.57 sq. km. In the study area ten groundwater samples were collected in double capped 250 ml plastic bottles. Geo-coordinates of the sample locations were noted using mobile GPS. Chemical analysis of all the ten groundwater samples were done using Tamilnadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD), Chennai prepared Field Water Testing kit for twelve chemical parameters viz. pH, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, total dissolved solids (TDS), fluoride, iron, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate and residual chlorine. Chemical analysis results were entered in excel software and prepared bar graphs. Result of groundwater samples analysis were compared with BIS (IS 10500:2012) drinking water standard to know the suitability of groundwater for drinking purpose. The study shows that pH ranges 7 to 8, alkalinity 200 mg/l to 450 mg/l, hardness 130 mg/l to 800 mg/l, chloride 40 mg/l to 1200 mg/l, TDS 552 mg/l to 2820 mg/l, fluoride 0.5 mg/l to 5 mg/l, iron nil to 0.3 mg/l, ammonia nil to 1 mg/l, nitrite 0.2 mg/l to 1 mg/l, nitrate 45 mg/l to 100 mg/l, phosphate nil in all the ten groundwater samples and residual chlorine nil to 0.2 mg/l. The study is highly useful for planning and monitoring of groundwater for drinking purpose in the study area.
Water is important for survival of life on the planet Earth. In the present developmental activities water is excessively used in agriculture, industries, drinking and daily house hold activities. These has resulted in declining of groundwater depth and deterioration of groundwater quality. In the present study groundwater quality for drinking purpose has been assessed in Baund block of Charkhi Dadri district of Haryana. In the present study twelve groundwater samples were collected during field visit in the study area in double capped 250 ml plastic bottles and sample locations were taken with the help of mobile GPS. Groundwater samples were analyzed using Field Water Testing Kit prepared by Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board, Chennai for twelve chemical parameters-pH, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, total dissolved solids (TDS), fluoride, iron, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, residual chlorine. Results of chemical analysis were entered in excel software and prepared bar graphs. Result of chemical analysis of groundwater samples were compared with BIS (IS 10500:2012) drinking water standards for drinking purpose. The study shows that pH ranges 6.5 to 7.5, alkalinity 150 mg/l to 550 mg/l, hardness 150 mg/l to 800 mg/l, chloride 50 mg/l to 1200 mg/l, TDS 600 mg/l to 2964 mg/l, iron nil to 3 mg/l, ammonia nil to 5 mg/l, nitrite 0.2 mg/l to 1 mg/l, nitrate 45 mg/l to 100 mg/l, phosphate nil in all the twelve groundwater samples and residual chlorine nil to 0.2 mg/l. The study is highly useful for planning and monitoring of groundwater quality for drinking purpose in the study area.
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