Our study clearly demonstrated that in type 1 and type 2 DM, there was increase in fasting blood sugar with decrease in serum amylase and serum lipase which signifies the derangement of endocrine-exocrine axis of the pancreas. Serum amylase and serum lipase can be used as biochemical markers for assessment of pancreatic exocrine function.
Background: Hand washing with soap is a cost-effective tool of disease prevention, but most of the time it is overlooked. Use of contaminated hands enhances transmission of germs into body causing ill-health. Mothers clean, prepare, serve and feed the food. If this is coupled with poor knowledge and practice of hand washing it increases risk to spread of diseases to self, other family members especially to under-fives. Present study was conducted to address this issue being a critical factor in disease prevention. The objective of the present study was to determine the knowledge and practices of hand washing amongst mothers of under-fives.Methods: Present cross sectional study was conducted at UHTC, field practice area of Community Medicine, GMC, Latur amongst mothers of under-fives visiting UHTC to avail health services. The data was collected in a predesigned, pretested questionnaire by interviewing them.Results: Out of 204 mothers, 38.24% were from the age group of 24-26 and majority i.e., 69.61% were housewives. 99.02% mothers were aware that unwashed hands can transmit the diseases. Most of the mothers told that clean hands reduces food and water contamination. Maximum i.e., 97.57% mothers washed hands before eating and 71.57% washed before cooking. All the mothers washed hands after visiting toilet. Most mothers used soap and water (85.3%) for hand washing. Significant numbers of mothers, under-fives and other members suffered from diarrhea in last six months (p<0.05).Conclusions: Hand washing practices need to be followed at all critical moments for prevention of the faeco-oral infections.
Introduction: Title is the first face of research article which is the mostly read part after publication. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the titles of original research articles published in two peer-reviewed journals of community medicine and public health from India. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study included 340 original articles from the Indian Journal of Community Medicine and 140 articles the Indian Journal of Public Health published during 2010 to 2018. These articles were downloaded from the official website of the journals. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. A predesigned proforma pertaining to fulfill objective consisting of Setting, Population, Intervention, Conclusion, Endpoint and Design (SPICED) criteria, length, typology, punctuation, abbreviations, use of keywords in title, was used. Data were entered in Excel and analyzed by using Epi Info version 7 for frequencies and percentages. Results: Out of 480 original research articles, 48.54% of the articles had title with 16 to 30 words. Four hundred and forty-two (92.08%) titles were of declarative type and 42.08% titles were of topic only type. Out of 200 articles where punctuation or abbreviations were used maximum 83% were with colon. 46.46% articles quoted 5–8 keywords in the articles. Only 9.58% titles were with all the keywords quoted. Only one experimental study had title with SPICED criteria while no observational study had title was with all criteria. Conclusions: Most of the titles were of descriptive type and less use of keywords in titles was there in the formulation of titles along with scarce use of all components of SPICED criteria.
Objectives Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and one of the leading causes of irreversible vision loss, particularly in the most productive age group. Several epidemiological studies have found that diabetics worldwide and in India have a high prevalence of DR. Risk estimation of various factors has been performed earlier however there is dearth of case control studies among the diabetics who developed DR and those who were unaffected. This study was planned to identify the sociodemographic, disease related and lifestyle related risk factors for development of DR among diabetics which could broadly be categorized under modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Findings from the study could help clinicians develop predictors and risk-based screening programs for early detection of DR. Material & Methods In this age and gender matched case control study, total 256 diabetes mellitus patients (96% type 2) were recruited equally in groups with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and without it. Diagnosis of DR was done by fundal examination as per the Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) standard. Adherence to diabetes medications was measured using four items in vernacular language adapted from the MMAS-4 (Morisky Medication Adherence Scale). Univariate and multivariate binary logistics regression was performed to find the independent risk (Odd's ratio) and modified Odd's ratio respectively. Results There was parity between cases and controls in terms of gender distribution and age. Mean age of DR and non-DR group was 63.7 ± 9.5 and 63.3 ± 10.4 years respectively. Independent risk factors for development of DR were presently on insulin therapy (OR=2.87,p=0. 0001), smoking (OR=1.92,p=0. 02), alcoholism(OR=2.62,p=0. 03), sedentary lifestyle(OR=2.72,p=0. 0008), non-adherence to diabetes medications (OR=14. 08,p=0. 0001), non-adherence to dietary advice (OR=4.41,p=0. 0001), presence of other microvascular complications (OR=3.79,p=0. 0001), dyslipidemia (OR=1.85,p=0. 02) and hypertension (OR=5.91,p=0. 0001). On multivariate logistics regression analysis, non-adherence to medicine (Exp(B)=7.89,p=0. 0001) and hypertension (Exp(B)=1.16,p=0. 0001) were predictors of development of DR . Type of occupation, education, socioeconomic status and type of diabetes did not have any correlation with development of DR among diabetics. Conclusion Diabetics under insulin therapy and with hypertension have a seriously increased risk of developing DR. Smoking, alcohol abuse, sedentary lifestyle, failure to take diabetes medications, and failure to follow dietary advice are independent risk factors for developing DR that can be modified through lifestyle changes in diabetics. DR should be monitored more closely in patients with other microvascular complications and dyslipidemia. Presentation: No date and time listed
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