This review article features selected examples on the synthesis of functionalized pyrroles that were reported between 2014 and 2019. Pyrrole is an important nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle that can be found in numerous compounds of biological and material significance. Given its vast importance, pyrrole continues to be an attractive target for the development of new synthetic reactions. The contents of this article are organized by the starting materials, which can be broadly classified into four different types: substrates bearing π-systems, substrates bearing carbonyl and other polar groups, and substrates bearing heterocyclic motifs. Brief discussions on plausible reaction­ mechanisms for most transformations are also presented.1 Introduction2 From π-Systems2.1 Alkenes2.2 1,6-Dienes2.3 Allenes2.4 Alkynes2.5 Propargylic Groups2.6 Homopropargylic Amines3 From Carbonyl Compounds3.1 Aldehydes3.2 Ketones3.3 Cyanides and Isocyanides3.4 Formamides3.5 β-Enamines3.6 Dicarbonyl Compounds4 From Polar Compounds4.1 Aminols4.2 Diols4.3 Organonitro Compounds5 From Heterocycles5.1 Münchnones5.2 Isoxazoles5.3 Carbohydrates5.4 trans-4-Hydroxy-l-prolines5.5 Pyrrolines6 Summary

Chandipura Virus (CHPV), a negative-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family, has been previously reported to bring neuronal apoptosis by activating several factors leading to neurodegeneration. Following virus infection of the central nervous system, microglia, the ontogenetic and functional equivalents of macrophages in somatic tissues gets activated and starts secreting chemokines, thereby recruiting peripheral leukocytes into the brain parenchyma. In the present study, we have systemically examined the effect of CHPV on microglia and the activation of cellular signalling pathways leading to chemokine expression upon CHPV infection. Protein and mRNA expression profiles of chemokine genes revealed that CHPV infection strongly induces the expression of CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) in microglia. CHPV infection triggered the activation of signalling pathways mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases, including p38, JNK 1 and 2, and nuclear factor κB (NF-kappaB). CHPV-induced expression of CXCL10 and CCL5 was achieved by the activation of p38 and NF-kappaB pathways. Considering the important role of inflammation in neurodegeneration, we have targeted NF-kappaB using a newly synthesised natural product nitrosporeusine analogue and showed incapability of microglial supernatant of inducing apoptosis in neurons after treatment.

Concise and protecting-group free synthesis of ent-palmyrolide A and (-)-cis-palmyrolide A were achieved starting from commercially available (S)-citronellal. The key fragment of palmyrolide A, "(5S,7S)-7-hydroxy-5,8,8-trimethylnonanamide", which makes up the most challenging part of the target molecule, was prepared in just three steps. A plausible mechanism for the trans-cis isomerization of the double bond in the macrocycle has been investigated.

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