Heterogeneities existing in the patient during treatment are neglected, as the treated subject is considered homogeneous in most of the commercially‐available treatment planning systems (TPSs) used for high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy. The choice of a suitable dosimeter for experimental dosimetry near the HDR source is crucial, mainly due to existence of steep dose gradients. The present work aimed to assess the effect of rectal air heterogeneity and applicator attenuation in the HDR Ir‐192 brachytherapy treatment of carcinoma uterine cervix by utilizing GAFCHROMIC EBT2 film dosimetry. The dose to rectal walls under the condition of rectal air heterogeneity was measured experimentally using EBT2 film in a rectal phantom, and the measurements were validated by the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The applicator attenuation was measured by EBT2 film for a commonly used stainless steel uterine tube in a homogeneous water equivalent phantom. The measured doses were compared with the TPS calculated values. In case of the air cavity, the measured dose at the closest rectal surface was 12.8% less than the TPS calculated value due to lack of back scattering, whereas at the farthest rectal surface, it was higher by 24.5% due to no attenuation. The magnitude of attenuation due to the metal applicator was measured as high as 2% when compared with the TPS calculation. The dose reduction at the nearest rectal surface due to the effect of rectal air has indicated a clinically favorable dose distribution within the rectum, whereas the shielding effect posed by the metallic applicator was found to be less significant. Mutual agreement of the measured doses with the MC calculated dose values confirmed the suitability of EBT2 film for clinical dosimetry in HDR brachytherapy.PACS numbers: 87.53.Bn, 87.53.Jw, 87.56.bg, 87.55.Qr

It is well established that diagnostic X-ray practices must be optimised to keep patient radiation dose as low as compatible with providing the diagnostic information required. For effective optimisation of diagnostic exposures, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) introduced the concept of diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in 1996. The present study aimed to carry out an extensive dose survey of diagnostic radiography installations in the Uttarakhand region of India to establish local DRL Values for the different diagnostic practices. During the survey, air kerma values were measured for 297 diagnostic X-ray machines installed at 270 medical centres in the region and the entrance surface air kerma (K ) was estimated for ten commonly performed radiographic projections. These included chest posterior-anterior (PA), cervical spine anterior-posterior (AP), skull PA, abdomen AP, KUB (kidney, ureter and bladder), lumbar spine AP, lumbar spine lateral (LAT), pelvis AP, thoracic spine AP, and thoracic spine LAT. Wide variations were observed in the estimated values of K for individual projections. The third quartile of the distribution of the median values of the estimated K for a given projection was calculated to establish local DRL Values. The majority of the acquired dose data were found to be comparable to or less than the proposed national and international DRLs. The local DRL Values reported in this study may be used to improve radiological practice by reducing patient doses during radiography examinations. The obtained data may also contribute to a national patient dose database for establishing future national DRLs.

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