This study investigated teachers' focus of attention and stress in firstgrade classrooms. Teachers' (n = 53) focus of attention was recorded in fall and spring with a mobile eye-tracking device, and the teachers reported stress via questionnaires. Correlation analysis was used to examine association between teacher stress (exhaustion, cynicism, and inadequacy) and focus of attention. Then, one teacher reporting more stress and one reporting less stress were selected for a case study to examine variations in their focus of attention. The results showed positive associations between teachers' perceived inadequacy and overall focus of attention (whole eye-tracking recording) both in fall and spring. Teachers' focus of attention during specific activity settings of management/routines and transitions correlated positively with all three stress domains in fall. In addition, a positive association was also found between teacher inadequacy and focus of attention during teacher-directed large group activity setting.
In this paper we propose a theoretical model where formal and informal sectors co-exist in tandem. Trade union segregates some labor from being formal. Capital is not allowed to freely move between formal and informal sectors. Using this sort of framework it has been shown that immigration of unskilled workers reduces the return to informal labor and makes the informal good relatively cheap. A tariff slash also impinges on similar kind of results. In both the cases informal capitalists gain. Moreover, what is more striking is that both migration and tariff reform are equally bad for the economy as a whole since these policies enhance the 'unproductive' element or labor in the society which is really costly as these laborers could have been used to produce some more consumable commodities.
To combat COVID-19 the entire world has resorted to global lockdown implying restriction on international labor migration and trade. This paper aims to check the effect of such restrictions on the unemployment of unskilled labor in the source country. In competitive general equilibrium framework with three goods and four factors, restriction on migration raises unemployment for given factor intensity. The results remain same even in a slightly different structure of the economy. In case of trade restriction, however, the rise or fall in unemployment depends on both the structure of the economy and the factor intensity assumption.
More than one billion people worldwide are mired in extreme and inescapable poverty, while millions of others are on the brink of poverty. They face risks which are further exacerbated by natural hazards and ill-health. However, those who are poor today may not necessarily be poor tomorrow. Again, many of those who are non-poor today face a high chance of becoming poor after experiencing an adverse shock. Thus, a better understanding of the vulnerability concept is pressing, particularly in the context of the Third World cities like Kolkata. This article attempts an analysis of the vulnerability, and its impact on the livelihoods of the people living in slums in Kolkata. A simple bifurcation of the sampled households in terms of poor and non-poor is examined in terms of a constructed vulnerability index. As many of our surveyed slum households are found to be “vulnerable” (although they may not necessarily be “poor”), the government should assess the levels of vulnerability of households and use that as a yardstick (instead of income alone) at the time of distribution of various benefits so as to avoid “targeting error.”
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