AIM: This prospective study was designed to evaluate the changes in left ventricular (LV) systolic function after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with both normal and abnormal pre-operative systolic function. METHODS: During the period from October 2017 to October 2018, forty-seven consecutive patients undergoing CABG were enrolled in this prospective study. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed within 1 week before CABG as well as 4 to 6 months after surgery. All measurements were made by a single experienced investigator. RESULTS: While the mean LV ejection fraction (LVEF) showed neither improvement nor significant reduction in the whole group of patients following CABG (from 54.21 ± 15.36 to 53.66 ± 11.56%, p = 0.677), significant improvement in LVEF was detected in the subgroup of patients with pre-operative LV dysfunction (from 40.05 ± 8.65 to 45.85 ± 9.04%, p = 0.008). On the other hand, there was a significant decline in LEFT in the subgroup of patients with normal pre-operative LEFT (from 64.70 ± 9.72 to 59.44 ± 9.75%, p = 0.008). As for the other parameters of systolic function, significant decrease in LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) (p = 0.001), LV end-systolic volume index (LVESVI) (p = 0.0001), wall motion score index (WMSI) (p = 0.013) and LVmass index in male patients (p = 0.011) was shown only in patients with decreased LVEF after CABG. Patients with improved postoperative LVEF (53.2% of all patients) had significantly lower baseline LVEF (p = 0.0001), higher LVESVI (0.009) and higher WMSI (p = 0.006) vs patients with worsened postoperative LVEF (38.3% of all patients). Postoperative improvement of LVEF was correlated with stabile angina, lack of preoperative myocardial infarction and smoking, higher baseline WMSI, higher LV internal diameters and indexed volumes in diastole and systole and lower baseline LVEF. In stepwise linear regression analysis the value of baseline LVEF appeared as independent predictor of improved LVEF after CABG (B = 0,836%; 95% CI 0.655-1.017; p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that LVEF, internal baseline diameters and indexed volumes of LV in diastole and systole are important determinants of postoperative change in LVEF. In patients with preoperative depressed myocardial function, there is an improvement in systolic function, whereas in patients with preserved preoperative myocardial function, the decline in postoperative LVEF was detected.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of arrhythmia following open heart surgery and it contributes to prolonged hospital stay, increased prevalence of thromboembolic complications and overall increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. The aim of this prospective observational follow-up study was to determine the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, to identify predisposing risk factors for its occurrence in the immediate preoperative period and to assess its effect on the postoperative outcome in patients at the University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery in Skopje, North Macedonia. Material and methods: The study included patients at the University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery in Skopje, North Macedonia undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. The experimental group included patients developing POAF, whereas the control group those who did not develop the primary outcome. All patients were followed up for a period of 30 days postoperatively. Results: POAF was registered in 38% of the patient population and more frequently in the elderly. Patients developing POAF had significantly higher left atrial volume index, as well as higher CHADS2-VASC2, HATCH and Euroscore I values. Average time to POAF occurrence was 48-72 hours postoperatively. There were death outcomes, thromboembolic events, longer hospital stay, need for antiarrhythmic and oral anticoagulant therapy in the POAF group. Conclusion: POAF significantly increases postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Age, higher CHADS2-VASC2, HATCH and Euroscore I values and left atrial volume were found to be significant predictors of POAF after coronary artery bypass surgery.
Introduction. A 59-year-old male patient with dissection of the thoracic aorta, DeBakey I, Stanford A is presented in this case study. We present his symptoms, his preoperative condition, diagnostic procedures, the surgical procedure and his postoperative treatment at the UC of State Cardiosurgery-Skopje. Case report. The surgery was performed two days after establishment of the diagnosis and more than 3 days (72 hours) after the symptoms occured, due to absence of patient’s consent for the surgery. This resulted in more difficult preoperative condition of the patient, surgical procedure harder to perform, and reduced survival expectations. Preoperative risk of predicted mortality from the cardiovascular surgery calculated according to EUROSCORE was 28.6%. Results. In this case study we also present classification, etiology, pathophysiology, and some statistics about the incidence of thoracic aorta dissection and survival rates emphasizing the increased mortality rate in delayed surgical interventions.
Background: Anatomical lung resection offers the best chance of cure for patients with localized lung cancer. Very often late diagnoses, advanced stage of the disease limit radical anatomical surgical resection. Use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy made some of the cases operable, and later they were surgically treated.
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), most commonly is provoked by the contact between the hypertrophied basal interventricular septum (IVS) and the systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the anterior leaflet of mitral valve, during systole, thus narrowing the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). Several theories have been proposed to explain the occurrence of SAM and LVOTO, the "drag effect" theory is widely accepted.Despite SAM, one of the others morphological features that can contribute to LVOTO is an insertion of an accessory muscle bundle extending from the apex to the basal anterior septum of free wall of the left ventricle.In this case report we present a case of 71-year-old man with dyspnea and syncope, exercise induced, as a result of severe dynamic LVOTO. The LVOTO was a result of HCM, mostly affecting the basal IVS, with concomitant insertion of an accessory muscle bundle at the basal segment of IVS, that was additionally thickening the IVS, and SAM of the anterior mitral lealflet (AML), that were narrowing the LVOT and causing high LVOT gradients (86,3 mm Hg) at rest. The patient was symptomatic, he had dyspnea and syncope, exercise induced. The patient underwent a septal myectomy and mitral valve repair, which successfully reduced the gradients and relieved the patient of the symptoms.
Background and Objectives: The role of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on postoperative left ventricular (LV) function in patients with preoperatively preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is still being discussed and only a few studies address this question. This study aimed to assess LV function after CABG in patients with preoperatively preserved LVEF using left ventricular longitudinal strain assessed by 2D speckle tracking imaging (STI). Materials and Methods: Fifty-nine consecutive adult patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) referred for a first-time elective CABG surgery were enrolled in the final analysis of this prospective single-center clinical study. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), with conventional measures and STI measures, was performed within 1 week before CABG as well as 4 months after surgery. Patients were divided into groups based on their preoperative global longitudinal strain (GLS) value. Differences in systolic and diastolic parameters between groups were analyzed. Results: Preoperative GLS was reduced (GLS < −17%) in 39% of the patients. Parameters of systolic LV function were significantly reduced in this group of patients compared to the patient group with GLS% ≥ −17%. In both groups, 4 months after CABG there was a decline in LVEF but statistically significant only in the group with GLS% ≥ −17% (p = 0.035). In patients with reduced GLS, there was a statistically significant postoperative improvement (p = 0.004). In patients with preoperative normal GLS, there was not a significant change in any strain parameters after CABG. There was an improvement in diastolic function parameters measured by Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) in both groups. Conclusions: There is improvement in LV systolic and diastolic function after CABG in patients with preserved preoperative LVEF measured by STI and TDI. GLS might be more sensitive and effective than LVEF for monitoring improvements in myocardial function after CABG surgery in patients with preserved LVEF.
Case presentation Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common and very heterogeneous genetic cardiac disease with a different clinical presentation and prognosis. The overall prevalence of the disease is estimated between 0.05-0.2% of the population. Left ventricular outflow obstruction at rest is present in about 20% of patients. Most of the patients have a normal life expectancy, however high risk patients might develop heart failure, atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. We present the case of 47-year-old Caucasian man who was hospitalized at our clinic with a history of chest pain and shortness of breath on physical activity in the last six months, which caused significant limitations of his life quality. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy was diagnosed in 2011, when the patient was put on therapy with beta blocker. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed normal systolic function, presence of systolic anterior mitral valve motion (SAM) with moderate mitral regurgitation (MR). There was a significant concentric left ventricular hypertrophy predominantly located in the ventricular septum. The intraventricular gradient at rest was 77.8 mmHg. MRI of the heart confirmed significant LV hypertrophy with regions of fibrosis at the septum. The patient shortness of breath worsened progressively in the last month (NYHA III) despite optimized medical treatment with maximal beta blocker dose. Surgical approach with septal myectomy was performed with mitral valve repair. There were no operative complications, with excellent postoperative recovery and complete symptoms resolution. Control Doppler echocardiograms revealed LVOT rest gradient reduction to 34 mmHg. The good operative results were still present 9 months after the intervention. Our case confirmed that septal myectomy with MV repair is an excellent treatment approach in young patient with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mitral valve involvement refractory to medical treatment.
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