Latar Belakang: Obesitas merupakan masalah gizi lebih yang menjadi salah satu masalah gizi ganda yang harus diatasi. Seseorang dengan obesitas cenderung mempunyai risiko lebih besar untuk mengalami penyakit hipertensi, diabetes melitus dan kemungkinan mengalami serangan jantung yang dapat ditunjukkan dengan skor kalsium pada jantung. Tujuan: Tujuan dari dilakukannya penelitian ini untuk menganalisis hubungan serta melihat perbedaan kejadian diabetes melitus tipe 2, kolesterol, dan skor kalsium pada pasien yang menderita hipertensi disertai obesitas. Metode: Desain penelitian pada penelitian ini adalah studi cross-sectional dengan metode pendekatan kuantitatif. Tempat pengambilan data dilakukan di RS Siloam Surabaya (2018-2021). Penentuan sampel diambil menyesuaikan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan oleh peneliti. Penarikan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling method. Jumlah sampel yakni 59 laki-laki dan 59 perempuan dengan instrument penelitian berupa kuesioner, wawancara, pengukuran data antropometri, data Riwayat tekanan darah dan Riwayat kolesterol. Hasil: Sebagian besar subjek adalah lansia akhir (38,1%).Terdapat perbedaan pada riwayat kolesterol subjek perempuan dan laki-laki (p=0,002). Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata pada riwayat DM Tipe 2 pada subjek (p=0.092). Tidak ada perbedaan yang nyata pada skor kalsium pada subjek (p=0,062). Sebagian besar subjek selain penyandang DM tipe 2 juga mempunyai riwayat kolesterol yang tinggi (73,3%). Tidak ditemukan adanya korelasi yang nyata diantara Riwayat kolesterol yang tinggi dengan DM tipe 2 pada subjek (p=0.006). Sebagian besar subjek yang mempunyai riwayat DM tipe 2 berada pada skor kalsium yang bermakna (26,6%). Tidak ditemukan hubungan antara diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan skor kalsium pada subjek (p=0.102) Kesimpulan: Tidak ditemukan hubungan diantara kejadian DM tipe 2 dengan kolesterol serta kejadian DM tipe 2 dengan skor kalsium pada subjek. Terdapat perbedaan yang nyata pada kejadian kolesterol pada subjek. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan kejadian DM tipe 2 dan skor kalsium pada subjek yang merupakan pasien dengan riwayat hipertensi disertai obesitas.
BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic and is confirmed worldwide to cause a high mortality rates; as of the April 23, 2020, over 189,000 deaths have occurred in 2,700,800 COVID-19 cases. However, it appears that little consideration has been given to smokers and the users of tobacco-related products relative to the impact of the virus on that particular cohort of patients. AIM: The aim of the study was to commence a narrative review of research and academic articles of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevalence related to cigarette smoking and the consumption of tobacco-related products. METHODS: The study involved evidence-based publication searches on ProQuest and EBSCOhost databases informed by a number of keywords. The additional data were obtained from relevant journals searched manually, as well as following up references or primary articles. The search was conducted from April 23 to 24, 2020, adopting the use of several terms, such as “tobacco use” AND “COVID”, “tobacco use” AND “SARS-CoV-2”, “smokers” AND “COVID”, “cigarette” AND “SARS-CoV-2”, and “tobacco use” AND COVID-19 AND sars-cov-2. RESULTS: Several studies (n = 8) confirmed that conventional smoking and electronic cigarette use correlated with the decline of the human immune system and the feasibility of infection. The second group of evidence (n = 9) explored higher Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 among smokers, as the binding sites of SARS-COV-2. CONCLUSION: Tobacco use among smokers and former smokers is significantly correlated to the decline in the status of the human immune system and worsen the disease prognosis. In addition, smoking status is associated with a greater likelihood of smokers being infected with SARS-COV-2; a condition that can further develop into coronavirus disease.
Coronary computed tomographic angiography, often known as CCTA, is quickly becoming the diagnostic technique of choice for determining the existence of coronary artery disease (CAD). In the future, CCTA may play an essential part as a "one-stop shop" in the screening, diagnosis, decision making, and treatment planning processes. Plaque burden, high-risk plaque, non-invasive angiography, perfusion with hyperemia, fractional flow reserve (FFR), percent of myocardium at risk, inflammation, myocardial scar, wall motion analysis, and risk scores are some of the many measures that are utilized.
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