Keratorefrative procedures alter the corneal biomechanical properties with regard to corneal hysteresis and corneal resistant factor. The flap-based LASIK and ReLEx flex and the flap-free ReLEx smile result in similar reduction in corneal biomechanics when evaluated by Corvis ST and ORA.

Keratoconus (KC) is the most common ectatic corneal disease, with clinical findings that include discomfort, visual disturbance and possible blindness if left untreated. KC affects approximately 1:400 to 1:2000 people worldwide, including both males and females. The aetiology and onset of KC remains a puzzle and as a result, the ability to treat or reverse the disease is hampered. Sex hormones are known to play a role in the maintenance of the structure and integrity of the human cornea. Hormone levels have been reported to alter corneal thickness, curvature, and sensitivity during different times of menstrual cycle. Surprisingly, the role of sex hormones in corneal diseases and KC has been largely neglected. Prolactin-induced protein, known to be regulated by sex hormones, is a new KC biomarker that has been recently proposed. Studies herein discuss the role of sex hormones as a control mechanism for KC onset and progression and evidence supporting the view that prolactin-induced protein is an important hormonally regulated biomarker in KC is discussed.

Although the corneal deformation characteristics differed between groups of keratoconic and normal eyes, this study showed that the standard parameters of the Corvis ST cannot readily be used for diagnosis of keratoconus in the individual patient or to document the effect of CXL in vivo.

The considerable variation in repeatability and reproducibility should be taken into account when using the Corvis. Corvis parameters showed poor correlation with CH and CRF obtained by ORA measurements.

Purpose: To describe the annual incidence rate of keratoconus in Denmark 1995-2015 and prevalence of keratoconus in the National Danish Patient Register 1977-2015.Methods: All patients diagnosed with keratoconus in the National Danish Patient Register 1977-2015 were included in the study. The annual incidence rates and the overall prevalence of diagnosed keratoconus in the register were calculated using life tables from the general Danish population. A sub-analysis excluding immigrants and descendants was performed.

PurposeTo study sociodemographic factors, associated diseases and survival of Danish keratoconus patients.MethodsAll patients diagnosed with keratoconus 1977–2015 (n = 2679) were matched to 10 persons who had not been diagnosed with keratoconus (n = 26 790). Conditional logistic regression assessed whether sociodemographic factors and specific systemic diseases were associated with the odds of keratoconus. Mortality was assessed with time‐to‐event analysis.ResultsAfter adjustment, non‐Europeans had more than threefold higher odds of keratoconus compared to Europeans (OR, 3.34; 96% CI 2.94–3.80). Single persons had 27% higher odds (OR, 1.27; 95% CI 1.13–1.43), and divorced persons had 18% lower odds (OR 0.82; 95% CI 0.68–0.97) of keratoconus compared with persons in a relationship. Persons living in cities with <500 and 500–4999 inhabitants had 40% (OR, 0.60; 95% CI 0.51–0.71) and 30% (OR, 0.70; 95% CI 0.61–0.81) lower odds of keratoconus, respectively, compared with those living in the capital (>1 000 000 inhabitants). Persons receiving government substitution had 68% higher odds of keratoconus (OR, 1.68; 95% CI 1.30–2.17) compared to self‐employed. Keratoconus patients had more than twofold higher odds of asthma (OR, 2.21; 95% CI 1.91–2.55), more than threefold higher odds of allergic rhinitis (OR, 3.44; 95% CI 2.75–4.30), more than sevenfold higher odds of atopic dermatitis (OR, 7.97; 95% CI, 6.21–10.21) and 69% higher odds of depression (OR, 1.69; 95% CI 1.18–2.43). Mortality rates were similar among keratoconus patients and controls (HR, 1.02; 95% CI 0.90–1.16).ConclusionDanish keratoconus patients differ from controls on several sociodemographic factors and have higher risk of allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis and depression. They do not have excess mortality compared to controls.

The frequency of graft rejection episodes is higher after PK than DSAEK for primary endothelial disease, despite the use of oral prednisolone in the PK group. Early graft failure is more common after DSAEK than after PK, whereas graft failure because of previous rejection episodes is uncommon after DSAEK and PK.

Purpose-The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of Prolactin-Induced Protein (PIP) as a predictive biomarker for Keratoconus (KC). Participants-This study included one hundred and forty-seven patients with KC (105 male, 42 female), and sixty healthy controls (27 male, 33 female). Methods-Tears, plasma and saliva samples were collected from all participants. In both KC and healthy groups all collected samples were divided into four age subgroups (15-24y), (25-34y), (35-44y) and (45y and up). Samples were analyzed using western blot (WB) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) were used to evaluate diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing between KC and healthy eyes.