Endocrine disrupting activities of bisphenol A (BPA) contribute to adverse effects on health and fertility. The current study was conducted to show the effect of BPA on male reproductive organs in prepuberty.Methods: Forty prepubetal albino male rats were divided into 4 groups (10 rats each). The first was considered as control and the other three were injected subcutaneously with 11.4, 57.1, and 114.2 mg/kg of BPA dissolved in DMSO, respectively for 6 weeks. Histopathological examination for reproductive organs was performed in addition to biochemical assays of plasma sex hormones determined by ELISA to evaluate the effect of BPA on fertility. Moreover, oxidative stress indices in testis tissue were evaluated by colorimetric methods. Results:The levels of testosterone and LH were significantly decreased in rats injected with BPA in a dose of 57.1, and 114.2 mg/kg/day compared to controls. BPA significantly increased the oxidative stress indices in testis tissues. The histopathological changes observed in the testis treated with BPA demonstrated its potentials to induce cytotoxic and endocrine disrupting effects on the spermatogenic, Sertoli and Leydig cells. Furthermore, the severity of BPA effects observed was dose dependent. Conclusion:BPA caused dose dependent reduction in the plasma levels of testosterone and LH in male rats associated with oxidative stress and histological changes in the testis. The effect of BPA on the testis may be due to oxidative stress in testis or the effect of decreased testosterone level or both.

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There is no satisfactory therapy for diabetes. Therefore, there is a need to develop recent cotreatment strategies of plant origin which might have no side effects and are cost-effective. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects as documented previously. This study aims to investigate the histopathological alterations which occur in the pancreas and liver associated with experimentally diabetic-induced animals, in addition to evaluating the effect of Ginger in modulating the histopathology and the level of blood sugar and insulin in diabetic-induced animals. Fifty-one mature male and female Wister albino rats weighing between 200 and 280 grams were used in this study. Animals were split into three groups, each of 17 rats. The negative control group is referred to as Group I, Group II: Diabetes positive control group injected with (45mg/kg body weight) Streptozotocin intraperitoneally and Group III: Diabetic rats; received Ginger oil (dose of 1.5 mL/kg b.wt) approximately about 460 mg/kg b.wt day after day for 7 weeks. The fasting blood sugar levels were determined during the treatment. Blood was collected after scarification for an additional examination of insulin levels, cumulative blood sugar and liver enzymes. Pancreas and liver tissue specimens were dissected and processed for histological examination. Our results showed that diabetic animals treated with Ginger showed significant (P ≤0.05) improvements in fasting blood sugar, insulin, cumulative blood sugar and liver enzymes when compared with the diabetic untreated group. Histopathological examination of diabetic rats' liver and pancreatic tissues revealed vascular changes including congestion and perivascular edema and atrophy in pancreatic cells of Islets of Langerhans associated with necrobiosis. On the other hand, hepatic tissue from diabetic rats showed also severe vascular changes, vacuolar hepatocellular degeneration and focal nodular leucocytic aggregations. However, treatment with Ginger reversed these changes in both pancreatic and hepatic diabetic tissues, and the majority of the cells returned to a more or less normal state. This improvement in the cells may explain Ginger's anti-diabetic action. Ginger oil exhibited an antidiabetic effect as it improved both pathophysiological and pathomorphological alterations associated with hyperglycemia. As a result, we advised diabetic patients to use Ginger as a daily co-treatment for the control of Diabetes mellitus.

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Vincristine (VCR) is a powerful anticancer medication, but one of its most serious adverse effects is neurotoxicity. The current experiment investigated the adverse effect of VCR on the brain and the potential neuroprotective effect of Erythropoietin (EPO) and Thymoquinone (TQ) or their combination against VCR toxicity in a rat model. The adverse effects were monitored by estimation of brain oxidative stress markers and neurotransmitters and by histopathological observation. Intraperitoneal injection of VCR (150 μg/kg) three times weekly for five consecutive weeks, significantly decreased both the level of glutathione (GSH) and the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and significantly increased the lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO) and glutamate levels. Moreover, VCR caused marked histopathological changes such as neuronal degeneration, demyelination, sub-meningeal edema, hemorrhage, dilatation of brain ventricles and hyperplasia of the choroid plexus. Co-treatment of rats with EPO (80μg/kg) and their combination with TQ (10 mg/kg) improved all VCR-induced changes, however, TQ alone improved almost all changes except neurotransmitters alterations. These results suggested that the combination of EPO and TQ had an obvious neuroprotective ef fect aga inst VCR neurotoxicity on oxidative stress markers, brain neurotransmitters levels and the histopathological findings in comparison with each one alone.

This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of the different successive extractives of the aerial parts of Cassia occidentalis L., on carbon tetrachloride (CCL 4 ) induced hepatotoxicity in adult Wistar rats. Sixty-six male albino rats were divided into eleven groups. First group received Tween only and served as control group. The second group injected with CCL 4 (1:1) in olive oil, at a dose of 2 ml/kg B.W. The third group injected with CCL 4 in the same dose and Silymarin (25 mg /kg) orally for 7 days and served as reference group. Groups from four to eleven served as test groups injected with CCL 4 in the same previous dose in addition to oral daily administration by one of either 200 or 400 mg /kg B.W. from each of the four extractives of Cassia occidentalis (total methanolic, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts). Treatment started one day after the injection of CCl 4 and extended for two weeks. Parameters for liver function tests: Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Bilirubinas as well as kidney function tests: Serum urea and Creatinine were determined spectrophotometrically. The different extractives of C. occidentalis L. showed improvement in both liver and kidney function indices, while ethyl acetate exteractive either in 200 or 400 mg/kg B.W., showed the best results. Histopathology of liver tissue specimens supported these results. The biologically guided fractionation of C. occidentalis L. methanolic extract, revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited a significant dose dependant protective effect on both liver and kidney. The ethyl acetate fraction revealed activity approached that of silymarin (a known hepatoprotective agent). Chromatographic fractionation of the ethyl acetate fraction afford 6 purified compounds, identified on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic analysis as: naringenin (1), quercetin (2), 1,8-dihydroxy anthraquinone (3), 1,3,8-trihydroxy anthraquinone (4), chrysoeriol-7-O-rutinoside (5) and rutin (6). The isolated phenolics probably account for the hepatoprotective effect of the extract.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) and sulfite are frequently used as flavor enhancer and most applied as food additives in modern nutrition globally. This study was planned to investigate the toxic effect of MSG on liver and kidney when administered to broiler chickens during the growth period. Forty, day-old, unsexed Ross broiler chicks, assigned into 4 groups: (10 chicks each), fed on standard diet mixed with 0.75g of MSG/kg (group A), sodium metabisulfite 3.5g/kg (group B), 0.75g MSG + 3.5g sulfite /kg (group C) and control group (group D). Oxidative stress indicators malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined. Liver and kidney function testes for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme and creatinine metabolite were examined. Histopathology of liver and kidney tissues were conducted in all exposed groups. The results indicated increase in the levels of serum ALP, creatinine, MDA and SOD in all exposed groups in comparison with control. Disturbance in hepatic architecture with hydropic changes in hepatic cells with congestion of the interstitial blood vessels and necrobiosis of renal tubular epithelium were also registered.