Latent toxoplasmosis is a prevalent chronic infection caused by a protozoan parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. Recent studies have shown that T. gondii may affect thyroid hormone levels and thus induce behavioral alteration. However, this correlation has been inadequately investigated. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relationship between latent toxoplasmosis and thyroid hormone levels in schizophrenic patients. For this purpose, blood samples and sociodemographic information were collected from 101 schizophrenic patients attending three psychiatric hospitals in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Anti-T. gondii-IgG antibodies and thyroid hormones levels (TSH, T3, T4) were determined in sera of all patients using ELISA technique. Anti-T. gondii-IgG antibodies were detected in sera of 40 (39.6%) out of 101 schizophrenic patients. Logistic regression analysis showed significant association between toxoplasmosis and schizophrenic patients in 50-60 age group (OR=6.177, p=0.05), and un-employed patients (OR=3.562, p=0.05). Data analysis showed non-significant difference in TSH levels between IgG seropositive and IgG seronegative group (p>0.05). On the other hand, T4 levels were significantly higher in the seropositive (10.16 ± 2.61) than seronegative group (7.01 ± 2.01), with highly significant positive correlation between IgG and T4 levels (p= 0.001). Finally, T3 levels were significantly higher in the seropositive (1.91 ± 0.5) than seronegative group (1.12 ± 0.43), with non-significant positive correlation between IgG and T3 levels (p=0.30). Owing to the fact that there was statistically significant increase in thyroid hormone levels in T. gondii seropositive patients, our results suggest that there is a significant association between toxoplasmosis and thyroid hormone levels in schizophrenic patients.
Toxoplasmosis is among the most widely diseases that distributed by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. So in the case of pregnancy, latent toxoplasmosis is a risk factor which causes thyroid disease. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of latent toxoplasmosis on thyroid diseases during gestation. 214 blood samples were collected from pregnant women who admitted to different hospitals in Erbil governorate. ELISA technique was used for detecting Toxoplasma IgG antibody, as well as determining serum levels of thyroid hormone levels. Overall, 23.37% of tested samples were Toxoplasma gondii IgG seropositive. Latent toxoplasmosis has a positive correlation with thyroxin (T4) (p=0.026), however, no significant correlation was found with both thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and triiodothyronine (T3) (p>0.05). No significant differences were found between Toxoplasma IgG seropositive and seronegative groups as related to trimester, age, city, place, blood group, occupation, food habit, animal contact, disease, and vitamin D level, except the characteristic of abortion, which was significant at a p=0.042. In conclusion, latent toxoplasmosis had significant impact on the occurrence of T4 secretion during gestation. Whereas, TSH and T3 had no significant association with latent toxoplasmosis. Increasing the awareness of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women is required to avoid their deleterious effects, which has a notable impact on lowering the rate of abortion caused by this parasite.
Irvingia gabonensis Kernel powder and the oil extracts (±testa) were mixed with commercial animal feed (50:50)and fed to groups of animals. Animals in groups A and B were fed with the powder at an equivalent concentration of 67mg/kg body weightwhile those in groups C and D were fed with the equivalent4ml of the oil extract in the mixture. Animals in group E, the control, were fed on the commercial feed only. All the animals were fed in an aluminum cage for 21 days and sacrificed the following day. Blood from the jugular vein was collected in universal bottles and used for determination of protein and enzymatic profiles of these animals. Groups A and B showed appreciable elevation of albumin. Elevated transaminases were indicative of early signs of liver damage. The observation was attributed principally to the phytochemical component of the testa present in these sample types A and C fed to the animals under the restricted dietary laboratory condition. The study has shown that under unrestricted dietary condition, incorporation of Irvingia gabonensis kernel in animal feed had beneficial effects.
Irvingia gabonensis Kernel powder and the oil extracts with and without testa (±testa)were mixed with commercial animal feed (50:50)and fed to groups of animals. Animals in groups A and B were fed with the powder at an equivalent concentration of 67mg/kg body weight while those in groups C and D were fed with the equivalent4ml of the oil extract in the mixture. Animals in group E, the control, were fed on the commercial feed only. All the animals were fed in an aluminum cage for 21 days and sacrificed the following day. Blood from the jugular vein was collected in universal bottles and used for determination of creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium and bicarbonate. It was observed that all the treated groups and the control showed no significant difference (P≥0.05) in their Nak concentrations. There were significant differences(p≤ 0.05) in the K+ concentrations between groups A,B, E and groups C, D respectively .Significant statistical differences(P≤0.05) were also observed in the creatinine concentrations of all the treated groups with the exception of group C. There were higher urea concentrations in groups C and D than A, B and E(P≤0.05).Bicarbonate showed the least concentration in group E with relatively higher concentrations in groups C and D(P≤0.05)
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