Context:Host responses to periodontal disease include the production of different enzymes released by stromal, epithelial or inflammatory cells. Important enzymes associated with cell injury and cell death are aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase, acidic phosphatase (ALP, ACP), and gama glutamyl transferase (GGT). Changes in enzymatic activity reflect metabolic changes in the gingiva and periodontium, in the inflammation.Aims:In this article we examined the activity of AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, and ACP in the saliva from patients with periodontal disease, before and after periodontal treatment (experimental group — 20 gingivitis patients and 20 periodontitis patients), and in the saliva from healthy subjects (control group — 20 samples).Settings and Design:Periodontal disease was determined based on the clinical parameters (gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL)). Patients with periodontal disease were under conventional periodontal treatment.Materials and Methods:The stimulated saliva of the patient was collected in a sterile test tube and analyzed using the Automatic Analyzer.Results:The obtained results showed statistically significant increased activity of AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, and ACP in the saliva from patients with periodontal disease, in relation to the control group. A significant reduction in the enzyme levels was seen after conventional periodontal therapy.Conclusions:Based on these results, it can be assumed that the salivary enzymes (AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, and ACP) can be considered as biochemical markers for evaluating the diagnosis and prognosis of the functional condition of periodontal tissues in disease and health, and in the evaluation of the therapy effects in periodontal disease.
Background:The purpose of this study was to determine the salivary levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities in patients with periodontal disease and to evaluate the use of these enzymes as biochemical markers for periodontal tissue damage.Materials and Methods:In this prospective analytical study, we examined the activities of salivary ALP and ACP in patients with periodontal disease, before and after periodontal treatment. The experimental groups consisted of 20 gingivitis patients and 20 periodontitis patients and the control group had healthy subjects (20 samples). The stimulated saliva of the patient was collected in a sterile test tube and analyzed using Hitachi's Diagnostic Automatic Analyser. Periodontal disease was determined based on clinical parameters such as gingival index, probing depth and clinical attachment loss. Patients with periodontal disease were under conventional periodontal treatment. The statistical analysis applied was Student's t-test. Probabilities less than 0.05 (P < 0.05) were considered significant.Results:The obtained results showed statistically significant increased activities of ALP and ACP in saliva from patients with periodontal disease in relation to control group. A significant reduction in the enzyme levels was seen after conventional periodontal therapy.Conclusions:Based on these results, salivary ALP and ACP can be considered to be the biomarkers for evaluating periodontal tissue damage.
The knowledge and the understanding of the role of growth factors, their mechanisms of action, and molecular signaling pathways, which have been reviewed in this article, suggest the potential for many novel therapeutic targets, not only for applying growth factors but also for the potential use of growth factor inhibitors or agents that target specific parts of the intracellular signaling pathways in controlling oral pathologies. There remains an enormous challenge to convert some of the knowledge from basic studies of bone cell physiology and inflammatory cells to therapeutically useful techniques for the future.
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