ABSTRAKSampi atau mantera merupakan puisi tradisional kaum Iban dalam kategori invokasi yang berfungsi sebagai permohonan doa untuk mendapatkan pertolongan atau perlindungan. Kata-kata dalam sampi yang dilafazkan kepada Petara (Dewa-dewi) digayakan dengan bahasa kiasan metafora menambahkan lagi keindahan seni berpuisi dikalangan masyarakat Iban. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis unsur-unsur yang membentuk bahasa kiasan metafora dalam mantera perhumaan (sampi umai) masyarakat Iban. Berasaskan pendekatan secara kualitatif, kaedah deskriptif digunakan untuk mengkaji dua buah sampi perhumaan yang diambil daripada buku Sampi Enggau Biau. Analisis kandungan digunakan untuk menganalisis bahasa kiasan yang terdapat dalam sampi. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahasa kiasan sampi terdiri daripada unsur alam seperti tumbuhan, haiwan, dan manusia, yang disesuaikan dengan unsur bukan alam yang dicipta dan menjadi budaya dalam kehidupan mereka. Unsur-unsur ini digunakan untuk menyatakan warisan tradisi, merendahkan diri, persembahan sajian (piring), kehebatan perwira, kecantikan wanita dan hasil padi. Implikasi kajian ini menunjukkan penggunaan unsur alam dan bukan alam dalam bahasa kiasan metafora menambahkan pengetahuan pengamal tentang kemahiran berbahasa. Kata kunci Bahasa kiasan; metafora; sampi perhumaan; alam; bukan alam ABSTRACT Sampi or mantra is a traditional poem of Iban in the category of invocation which functioned as a prayer request for help or protection. The words which uttered in sampi to Petara (Goddess) styled with the figurative language of metaphor enhances the beauty of poetry among the Iban community. This study aims to analyse the elements that formed the figurative languages of metaphor in the paddy cultivation prayers (sampi umai). Based on qualitative approach, descriptive method was used to examine two paddy cultivation prayers which were taken from a book entitled SampiEnggauBiau. Content analysis was used to analyse the figurative language in the sampi. Results showed the figurative language of metaphor in the Iban sampi consist of nature such as plants, animals and human which are then adjusted to the non-nature elements which were made and became a culture in their lives. These elements were used to symbolise the inheritance of tradition, humbleness, offering presentation (piring), the greatness of the warrior, the beauty of woman, crowds and the harvest of paddy. The implications of this study show that the use of nature and non-nature elements in the metaphor enhances practitioner's knowledge about the language.
Biau (doa) merupakan puisi tradisional invokasi masyarakat Iban yang dilafazkan semasa upacara persembahan sajian atau miring untuk menyeru dan memohon keberkatan Petara ,(dewa-dewi). Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti struktur lapisan bahasa dan unsur yang membentuk metafora dalam puisi tradisional biau. Berasaskan pendekatan kualitatif, kaedah tinjauan secara deskriptif digunakan untuk mengkaji tiga buah puisi biau iaitu Biau Piring Bedara (Doa Persembahan Sajian Korban), Biau Piring Gawai Tuah (Doa Persembahan Sajian Perayaan Gawai Tuah) dan Biau Piring (Doa Persembahan Sajian) yang diambil daripada buku Sampi Enggau Biau. Data dalam kajian ini dianalisis menggunakan pengekodan terbuka dan substantif. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan seruan pembukaan, bertabik dan struktur pengenalan diri diucapkan sebagai pengenalan dalam biau. Dalam bahagian isi pula, lapisan bahasa yang digunakan ialah tujuan, seruan, pernyataan persembahan sajian (piring) dan suruhan. Puisi biau diakhiri oleh doa restu. Unsur yang membentuk metafora dalam struktur biau pula terdiri daripada flora dan fauna, benda bukan hidup dan alam semula jadi yang disesuaikan dengan kehidupan masyarakat Iban. Kajian ini berupaya mengekalkan budaya, adat dan tradisi dalam kalangan masyarakat Iban di Sarawak. Generasi muda juga dapat menimba pengetahuan baharu dan mengasah kepakaran pengamal ritual sedia ada dalam melafazkan puisi tradisional.
“Leka pelian” is a traditional poem of the Iban community in the invocation category, which is used in traditional Iban healing rituals. Every word sung by the “manang” in “leka pelian” is decorated with figurative language and metaphors to add more beauty to the art of poetry. However, the lack of experts in “leka pelian” makes it difficult for the younger generation, especially the Iban community, to understand the figurative language and metaphors used in “leka pelian” by the “manang”. This has led to the younger generation showing less interest in delving into oral traditions such as “leka pelian”. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the meaning of the metaphors that shapes the “leka pelian” based on the conceptual metaphor theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980). This study is qualitative and uses the Conceptual Metaphor Theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) to analyse the categories of metaphors found in “leka pelian”. Content analysis method is used to analyse each category of metaphor found in “leka pelian”. The findings show that the figurative language in “leka pelian” consists of abstract metaphors to reality, simile metaphors, animal metaphors, nature metaphors, as well as adapted and cultural comparison metaphors in their lives. The investigation shows that nature metaphors are more dominant than other metaphors because they are influenced by the surrounding nature, making nature a metaphor in communication. This category of metaphor is also used as a medium of communication between human world and the supernatural world. The implication of this research shows that the use of different categories of metaphor in “leka pelian” can increase the knowledge of traditional healers and the Iban community, especially in terms of language skills.
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