Cerâmicas arqueológicas possuem uma infinidade de dados sobre a dinâmica social e cultural dos indígenas do sítio Caninhas, SP. A superfície de fratura apresenta gradiente de cor, do ocre ao cinza escuro, quando da superfície para o centro da peça. Este aspecto é decorrente dos gradientes de temperatura gerados durante a queima da peça cerâmica, de forma que na superfície a combustão dos compostos orgânicos é completa (coloração mais clara) e na parte interna é incompleta (coloração mais escura). Foram realizadas análises composicionais por difração de raios X e mapeamento por EDS, sendo identificadas as fases ilita, quartzo e lutecita (região ocre) e ilita, quartzo, alumina-hidratada e lutecita (região cinza escura). Os resultados de EDS confirmaram a presença dos elementos químicos das fases identificadas por difração de raios X. As análises microestruturais por microscopia óptica e eletrônica por varredura sugerem a presença de raízes e restos de cerâmicas sinterizadas nas peças indígenas. Os resultados de dureza Vickers mostraram o quanto frágeis e heterogêneas são as cerâmicas arqueológicas, alcançando aproximadamente 203 HV (grãos de sílica) e 16 HV (matriz cerâmica).
The ceramic material found at the archeological site in Caninhas, shows funerary structures of combustion and various objects of Tupi-Guarani indigenous use. These pieces and fragments were saved and cataloged, in approximately 4000 units. The ceramics present a gradient of color, from ochre to dark gray, when from the surface to the center of the piece, indicating compositional variation caused by inefficient sintering carried out by indigenous people. The goal of this study was to observe the phase transition temperature, decomposition, mass variation and reactions that occur in the archeological and nowadays ceramics (by DSC/TG), together with micro structural analysis (by SEM), phase analysis (by XRD) and chemical composition (by EDS). Ceramics nowadays are sintered with air, in a temperature ranging between 400-800 °C for one hour, and presents heterogeneous microstructure. The archeological ceramics were identified by the ilitte, hydrated alumina, lutecite and quartz phase, and the caulinite, lutecite and quartz phase in clay produced today from that region differs in all characteristics and aspects according to time. The interaction between different areas of expertise is fundamental to aggregate knowledge: the use of ceramic material engineering to archeological application.
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