Recently, hydrophobic surfaces are finding many applications in the field of biomedical. This study reports the simple and facile method of hydrophobization of various surfaces like glass, semiconductor and polymer, etc. used in biomedical field by using durable and water-resistant ZnO nanowires coating. The change in contact angle of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulated whole blood (EDTA-WB) on various substrates like; glass, quartz, Si and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) before and after ZnO nanowires coating is reported. It was observed that the different type of substrates show great variation in contact angle of EDTA-WB, before and after ZnO nanowires coating. The substrates which are generally hydrophilic for EDTA-WB become hydrophobic after ZnO nanowires coating. This surface-coating technique can be utilized in various biomedical applications, for example, in medical devices and surgical equipments coating, orthopaedic dressings, in-vivo implants and corrosion-resistance surfaces.
The quick progress in health care technology as a recurrent measurement of biochemical factors such as blood components leads to advance development and growth in biosensor technology necessary for effectual patient concern. The review wok of authors present a concise information and brief discussion on the development made in the progress of potentiometric, field effect transistor, graphene, electrochemical, optical, polymeric, nanoparticles and nanocomposites based urea biosensors in the past two decades. The work of authors is also centred on different procedures/methods for detection of urea by using amperometric, potentiometric, conductometric and optical processes, where graphene, polymer etc. are utilised as an immobilised material for the fabrication of biosensors. Further, a comparative revision has been accomplished on various procedures of urea analysis using different materials-based biosensors, and it discloses that electrochemical and potentiometric biosensor is the most promise one among all, in terms of rapid response time, extensive shelf life and resourceful design.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
In present study, a low-cost and steady electrochemical biosensor has been developed based on graphene
oxide nanoparticles (GONPs), electrodeposited on the pencil lead electrode (PLE). The physical and
morphological studies revealed the nano-scale range of GONPs that has an average grain size/layer
thickness of 2.27 nm and agglomeration size of 90-120 nm. Urease enzyme was immobilized on
PLE/GONPs electrode after surface treatment with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
hydrochloride (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) to impart stable peptide bond. Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrate the difference between unmodified and modified PLE electrodes
and depict the spherical, circular and flaky-like morphology. The electrochemical analysis of urea
considerably improved on the PLE/GONPs/Ur compared to the untailored PLE electrode. The reported
urea biosensor operated in a linear dynamic range between 0.30-50 mM that attained a recognition limit
of 0.06 mM and exhibited an advanced exposure sensitivity of 0.814 μA mM-1 cm-2.
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