This study tries to notice out the significance of macroeconomic variables such as broad money, gross domestic product and household final consumption expenditure towards the consumer price index in Malaysia on long run economy. Augmented Dickey-Fuller with lag length on Schwarz Info Criterion and Phillips-Perron with Newey West Bandwidth used to test the stationarity of the data. Johansen-Juselius system co-integration test applied to find the stationary linear combination of the non-stationary variables. The Long run relationship between dependent and independent variables estimated on Vector Error Correction (VEC) model. The results show that there is a relationship within the dependent variable and its independent variables. On the long run, the broad money, export of goods and services, gross domestic product and household final consumption expenditure are significantly positively related to the consumer price index. The results show a sign of complete pass-through of household final consumption expenditure to the consumer price index. The future research shall be testing this variable to examine the pass-through factor. The findings have important implications for understanding the volatility of aggregate demand and supply of price level in a developing country and able to conclude the effectiveness of the monetary policy. Index Terms-Consumer price index, broad money, gross domestic product, household final consumption expenditure.

PurposeThis paper is the first comprehensive investigation of the shipping industry's efficiency in five countries from the ASEAN region: Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.Design/methodology/approachEmploying Data Envelopment Analysis and Stochastic Frontier Analysis, this paper compares efficiency dynamics of 45 international and offshore shipping providers engaged in fishing and ferrying.FindingsThe results indicate consistently diminishing efficiency from 2011 to 2017, a phenomenon that persists even in the traditionally efficient companies. Thereafter, this paper develops Altman Z-scores for the sampled companies and notice that despite rising inefficiency, most firms remain unencumbered by bankruptcy concerns, especially those with large capital buffers.Research limitations/implicationsIn general, this paper observes a negative relationship between bankruptcy risk and efficiency. Furthermore, the paper notices that reducing inputs does not help boost efficiency.Originality/valueIn terms of novel contributions, this paper is the first (to the best of knowledge) to set a Z-score for the ASEAN-based shipping companies.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to distinguish the typology of marine education and training and explore the student preference of the best typology which develop their competencies. This paper will tabulate some recommendations for the marine education and training provider to further enhance their training. Design/methodology/approach – This research adopt and adapt the Satty’s analytic hierarchy process method to weight and rank the typology of training. A group of student who completed their study and currently works at operational level voluntarily participated in this survey. A pairwise matrix used to compute the weights within the typology of training. Findings – The outcome of the study shows that all typology of training are not equally weighted. The best typology of training was identified. Marine academicians drawn some recommendations. Research limitations/implications – The sample size may not appropriate for generalizable. The same study can be expandable to large size. Practical implications – The study was conducted at one marine education and training provider. A panel analysis required for framework development. Originality/value – The paper contributed some recommendation for the marine education and training provider on their operational strategy and initiative.