Stainless steel (SS316L) is applied in numerous fields due to its intrinsic properties. In this study, micro-dimples were fabricated on SS316L. The effects of laser process parameters, such as frequency, average power, and pulse duration, on the average dimple diameter, dimple distance, and dimple depth were studied using an L9 orthogonal array. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multi-objective optimization technique, principal-component-analysis-coupled grey relational grade (GRG), was used to optimize laser process parameters on output responses. The optimal machining parameter settings obtained for the highest GRG peak value of 0.2642 are 15 kHz (frequency), 12 W (average power), and 1500 ns (pulse duration). The ANOVA results showed that average power is the most influential factor, contributing 86.40 % to performance measures (average dimple diameter (φ), dimple distance (d), and depth (l). Moreover, the effect of process parameters was studied using mean effect plots, and the micro-dimple quality was analysed using SEM micrographs.
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a nontraditional technique for application of metal matrix composites in aerospace, military, and other engineering uses. ECM factors such as voltage, electrolyte concentration, duty cycle, and electrolyte temperature are varied to evaluate the machining rate. radial overcut, and delamination factor on scrapped alloy wheel MMC. The entropy-based weight assessment method coupled with gray relational analysis is used to perform multi objective optimization. As per the entropy method the weight assigned to MR, ROC and DF is 0.3105, 0.3432 and 0.3463, respectively. The gray relational grade predicts that 8 V, 20 g/lit, 50% and 40°C is the optimal setting for higher machining rate and lower radial overcut and delamination factor.
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