Additive Manufacturing (AM) is catching increased attention in the recent past due to its critical contributions in the 4th Industry revolution, commonly known as Industry 4.0. AM has come a long way from manufacturing proto parts to functionally capable parts with various enhancements to suit variety of applications. AM is proven to be the effective way to manufacture parts faster and economical than conventionally manufactured parts especially in low volume productions. This agility makes AM the most suited manufacturing technique for better integration between different industries and domains as the need for better collaboration increases. It's increased flexibility to manufacture functional parts is pushing the industry to go for 3D printed parts. As the skill requirements to design the components for AM is different than conventional manufacturing, product designers are facing increased challenges to design for AM. Printing and post processing methodologies have close connection with quality of parts. This research article analyzes various aspects right from the importance of Design for AM (DfAM), material consumption and quality of the parts. This article also talks about the importance of print and part design optimization methodologies.
The emergency department of any institution is an entry point for a significant number of patients to any health care organization. The department caters to various trauma and medical emergencies in both adults and in children round the clock and is adequately staffed with emergency physicians, and nursing to handle such emergencies at all times and days. The department also oversees operations of the prehospital emergency medical services (ambulance) and coordinates their services.The emergency department (ED) is considered particularly high risk for adverse events (AE): 60% of ED patients experienced Medication Error (Patanwala et al., Ann Emerg Med 55:522–526, 2010). From a systematically review about AE related to ED, appears that the prevalence of AE among hospitalized patients ranging from 2.9% to 16.6%, with 36.9% to 51% of events considered preventable (Stang et al., PLoS One 8:e74214, 2013).Maintaining quality and developing error-free systems have been the focus of engineering over the last few decades.Consider the degree of variability of every individual human being compared to machine and also wisdoms from engineering field, for error-free system that guarantees good quality assistance should be defined a program reasonably simple, locally relevant, easily implementable, not be resource intense and have tangible outcomes which can be measured.
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