Preventive psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry that aims at health promotion, protection from specific mental illnesses, early diagnosis, effective treatment, disability limitation and rehabilitation. Prevention of neuropsychiatric illnesses as compared to other illnesses is particularly important as they run a chronic course and cause substantial disability. Preventive measures have been found to be effective in reducing incidence and disability in a wide range of mental illnesses such as depression, psychosis, anxiety and conduct disorders. The need of the hour is to translate advances in our understanding of mental illness into effective intervention programmes for the prevention of mental illness and the promotion of positive mental health.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease which predominantly aff ects women of reproductive age. Despite signifi cant progress in recent years to elucidate many potential mechanisms involved in the generation of autoimmunity the factors behind the high incidence among women, the relapsing -remitting clinical course and pregnancy-related complications in SLE remain unclear. In this review, we hypothesize a potential role for uterine endometrium through its production of relaxin, a peptide hormone, as a " missing-link " to explain this female predominance, variable clinical course and obstetric complications operating in SLE.http://informahealthcare.com/mor ISSN 1439ISSN -7595 (print), 1439 Correspondence to: Dr Madhusoothanan Bhagavathi Perumal, Level 5-2-10, Queensland Brain Institute, St Lucia, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia. Tel: ϩ 61(0)470410706. E-mail: sudhanbk@ gmail.com, mb.perumal@uqconnect.edu.au This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND 3.0 License which permits users to download and share the article for non-commercial purposes, so long as the article is reproduced in the whole without changes, and provided the original source is credited. In contrast, M2 macrophages are important in tissue repair and wound healing. They express high levels of anti-infl ammatory cytokines (such as IL10) as well as growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). M2 macrophages also express high levels of mannosebinding lectins (MBL) receptor and C1q complement receptors which help in the effi cient and safe clearance of apoptotic cells [4]. Therefore, factors which regulate the balance of production of these diff erent functional phenotypes of these innate immune cells may infl uence the generation of autoimmune diseases [5]. A similar process operates in cancer cells which generate a variety of factors to evade host immune response by promoting production of the M2 macrophage phenotype. Many cancers express immunomodulatory factors such as relaxin peptides to regulate the function of innate immune cells [6]. These immunomodulatory eff ects may also be important in tissues with physiological high cellular turnover such as the uterine endometrium and thus relevant to the pathogenesis of SLE. REVIEW ARTICLE Relaxin Relaxin peptidesRelaxin peptides are insulin-like growth factors expressed by three genes in humans [7]. H1 relaxin and H2 relaxin share 95% sequence homology and are expressed in the uterine decidua, placenta, corpus luteum, endometrium and mammary glands in women and by prostate and seminal vesicles in men. They are believed to have similar physiological eff ects [8, 9], which are described below. Other major sites of H1 and H2 expression are skin, myocardium, kidney and lung. H3 relaxin is predominantly expressed in the brain and it is considered as a neuropeptide associated with stress response [10].Four G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) have been de...
Despite the availability of newer antipsychotic drugs, chlorpromazine is still widely used due to its cost-utility and effectiveness in many parts of India, particularly for patients in whom marked psychomotor excitement and sleep disturbances are present. The side effects of chlorpromazine include photo-induced skin reactions. Chlorpromazine causes both phototoxic as well as photoallergic cutaneous reactions. We present the case report of an adult male who developed severe photoallergic skin reactions to chlorpromazine. The skin lesions largely resolved on stopping the drug, but reappeared in a more severe form when the drug was inadvertently restarted by the patient. This highlights the need for awareness and education of patients about the skin effects of psychotropics such as chlorpromazine.
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