The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of postnatal x-ray pelvimetry after caesarean section on the management of the subsequent pregnancy. The case records of 331 women delivered by casearean section in their first pregnancy were reviewed. By standard
A preliminary study of maternal smokeless tobacco use, mostly oral applications of burnt tobacco or 'mishri', in pregnancy showed 65 of 178 singleton liveborns occurred to users and 113 to non-users in Bombay, India. Eighty-three newborns, 42 to maternal tobacco users and 41 to non-users were < 2.5 kg birth weight, i.e. low birth weight (LBW; odds ratio 3.2; confidence interval 1.5-6.9; P < 0.001). Stratifying by gender yielded odds ratios of 1.6 (P > 0.1, NS) for male and 6.96 (confidence interval 2.5-19.4, P < 0.0005), for female newborns compared to normal birthweight boys and girls, respectively. Male:female newborns were 80.6:100 in maternal tobacco users compared to 105.5:100 in non-users. Defining LBW as < 2.0 kg yielded an odds ratio of 5.4 (confidence interval 1.8-15.2, P < 0.005) in maternal tobacco users' offspring. For babies weighing 2-2.5 kg at birth it was 2.76 (confidence interval 1.4-5.5, P < 0.01). Maternal use of 'mishri' tobacco in pregnancy may be associated with (1) the offsprings' low birth weight, (2) low birth weights in girls more than in boys; (3) decreased male:female ratio in live newborns, and (4) low birth weight of < 2.0 kg more than of 2-2.5 kg. Studies are needed to substantiate these findings. Gender differences in outcome suggest the in utero effect of maternal smokeless tobacco use on male and female fetuses may differ.
Ultraviolet light from sunlight is implicated in the aetiology of non-ocular malignant melanoma, mostly from Western studies. This study reports the relation of such melanomas from 7 cancer registries in different parts of India with latitude, altitude, ozone levels and ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. A log linear model was fitted using GLIM, assuming Poisson errors in incidence; linear and non-linear regression techniques were also used. Results show slight negative associations of melanoma with latitude, chi 2 = -3.37, p = 0.07, and statistically non-significant ones with atmospheric ozone levels (r = -0.36, n.s.), and a positive association with UV (r = 0.30, n.s.). Melanoma incidence from 4 places relates in a parabolic curve with latitude (y = 1-0.09 chi 2 + 0.003 chi 2 in males and y = 1.73-0.17 chi 2 + 0.005 chi 2 in females). Patients originally from west coastal ethnic/linguistic communities predominate in Bombay. Geographic patterns of melanoma in Indians are similar with those in white Caucasians. Ultraviolet light exposure may also be involved in its aetiology in non-white Caucasians, such as Indians.
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