CVD is a very common disease, which is underestimated. The prevalence increases with age, generates incapacity to work, and worsens the patients' quality of life.
This study measured the prevalence of chronic venous disease (CVD, C1-C6), chronic venous insufficiency (C3-C6) in 23 countries. The possible influence of risk factors was assessed. Patient recruitment was carried out by general practitioners. Patient characteristics, prevalence of risk factors, and C-classification were recorded. We assessed differences in prevalence and risk factors between Asia (A), Eastern Europe (EE), Latin America (LA), and Western Europe (WE). A total of 99 359 patients were included. The prevalence of CVD (51.9% A, 70.18% EE, 68.11% LA, and 61.65% WE) was significantly ( P < .001) lower in A. Risk factors such as age, obesity, smoking, having regular exercise, use of birth control pills, prolonged standing and sitting, and having a positive family history differ significantly between regions. After model-based probabilities corrected for risk factors, significant differences in the probability of having CVD were only found in the older age-group (>65 years). The lowest prevalence was noted in A. Chronic venous disease is very common and the prevalence varies between different geographical areas. After correcting for risk factors, these differences diminished.
Objectives: To provide an overview of costs associated with the treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) and its possible sequelae, either borne by patients or by society. Data sources: According to the PRISMA guideline, a systematic literature search was carried out in four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Clinical Trials and EMBASE. Searches were performed on October, 1 st 2018.Study selection: Eligibility criteria were: 1) expenses of adults (age >18y), 2) concerning patients with BCRL, 3) overview of (in)direct costs associated with BCRL, 4) expenses in which at least 1 type of conservative treatment modality for lymphedema is included. Reviews and meta-analyses were excluded.Data extraction: After assessing the risk of bias and level of evidence, quantitative data on direct and indirect costs for BCRL treatment during a well-mentioned timeframe were extracted.Data synthesis: Eight studies were included. Three studies reported on patient-borne costs related to BCRL. Mean directs costs per year borne by patients ranged between $2 306 and $2 574. Indirect costs borne by patients ranged between $3 325 and $5 545 per year. Five studies estimated health care costs related to BCRL from claims data, billing prices and provider's services during 12 to 24 months.Mean direct treatment costs after 1 year of decongestive lymphatic therapy ranged between €799
CVD is a very common progressive disease with age as a major risk factor. Increasing age results in a higher C-classification, more symptoms, and a lower GIS score (quality of life). Female gender interacts significantly with age and results in a more advanced stage of CVD.
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