This paper focuses on achieving optimal responses through supporting children's judgements, using Smiley Face Likert scales as a rating scale for quantitative questions in evaluations. It highlights the need to provide appropriate methods for children to communicate judgements, highlighting that the traditional Smiley Face Likert scale does not provide an appropriate method. The paper outlines a range of studies, identifying that to achieve differentiated data and full use of rating scales by children that faces with positive emotions should be used within Smiley Face Likert scales. The proposed rating method, the Five Degrees of Happiness Smiley Face Likert scale, was used in a largescale summative evaluation of a Serious Game resulting in variance within and between children, with all points of the scale used.

Three studies were conducted to investigate people's conceptions of online trolls, particularly conceptions associated with psychological resilience to trolling. In Study 1, factor analytic analysis of participants' ratings of characteristics of online trolls found a replicable bifactor model of conceptions of online trolls, with both a general factor of general conceptions towards online trolls being identified, but five group factors (attention-conflict seeking, low selfconfidence, viciousness, uneducated, amusement) as most salient. In Study 2, participants evaluated hypothetical profiles of online trolling messages to establish the validity of the five factors. Three constructs (attention-conflict seeking, viciousness, and uneducated) were actively employed when people considered profiles of online trolling scenarios. Study 3 introduced a 20-item 'Conceptions of Online Trolls scale' to examine the extent to which the five group factors were associated with resilience to trolling. Results indicated that viewing online trolls as seeking conflict or attention was associated with a decrease in individuals' negative affect around previous trolling incidents. Overall, the findings suggest that adopting an implicit theories approach can further our understanding and measurement of conceptions towards trolling through the identification of five salient factors, of which at least one factor may act as a resilience strategy.Keywords: Trolling, Implicit, Conception, Conflict, Attention, Negative Affect, Resilience.IMPLICIT THEORIES OF ONLINE TROLLING 3 Implicit theories of online trolling: Evidence of possible resilient conceptions to "attention seekers"Trolling via social media (such as social networking sites or message boards) is frequently an attempt to argue with and upset people by posting inflammatory and malicious messages (Buckels, Trapnell, & Paulhus, 2014;Hardaker, 2010Hardaker, , 2013. The severity of trolling can range from relatively minor incidents, such as "accidental trolls" (someone who is just speaking their mind), to more extreme versions in which individuals intend to cause grief to bereaved families (Hardaker, 2010(Hardaker, , 2013. Recently, the CEO of Twitter admitted to its ineffectiveness at dealing with trolling incidents (Hern, 2015), and recent high-profile cases in the media have drawn attention to the criminality that surrounds acts of trolling. Consequently, several individuals have been jailed for this online behaviour (Morris, 2011; Press Association, 2014a, 2014b how it can operate as a status-enhancing activity, with the troll gaining approval from others, potentially receiving greater recognition than they do in their offline lives.The psychological approaches individuals adopt when dealing with trolling are yet to be empirically studied. Early research findings suggest different outcomes of trolling behaviour, with deleterious outcomes for some victims of trolling, including suicide (Robson, 2014; Sky News, 2014;Zetter, 2009). Some view trolling as simple stupidity (Chamo...

Providing opportunities for children to engage with intercultural learning has frequently focused on exposure to the ritual, celebrations and festivals of cultures, with the view that such experiences will result in greater acceptance of cultural differences. Intercultural conflict is often avoided, bringing as it does particular pedagogical, ethical and political dilemmas of which cultures we place in conflict in the multicultural classroom. In this paper we discuss an alternative approach, providing children with an interactive learning experience with synthetic cultures and characters. The agent architecture developed to enable intelligent agents to exhibit culturally appropriate affect and behaviours is outlined. MIXER, an experiential learning application developed for 9-11 year old children on intercultural conflict is described, highlighting the Int J Artif Intell Educ (2015) 25:291-317 DOI 10.1007/s40593-014

This paper reports in part on a major study, carried out in 2013, in which data were collected from university senior executives and academics in the five university business schools in the North East of England: it focuses on the quantitative findings produced. Whilst prima facie evidence would suggest that universities are strategically embedding and integrating third stream strategies alongside first and second stream activities, a critical analysis of the research data revealed that this was clearly not the case. Empirical evidence from the research indicates that there are strategic failings in universities. This research contributes to the existing literature which highlights the academic pressures in embedding the third stream in higher education institutions.

Purpose -This paper aims to briefly outline the seamless evaluation approach and its application during an evaluation of ORIENT, a serious game aimed at young adults. Design/methodology/approach -In this paper, the authors detail a unobtrusive, embedded evaluation approach that occurs within the game context, adding value and entertainment to the player experience whilst accumulating useful data for the development team. Findings -The key result from this study was that during the "seamless evaluation" approach, users were unaware that they had been participating in an evaluation, with instruments enhancing rather than detracting from the in-role game experience. Practical implications -This approach, seamless evaluation, was devised in response to player expectations, perspectives and requirements, recognising that in the evaluation of games the whole process of interaction including its evaluation must be enjoyable and fun for the user. Originality/value -Through using seamless evaluation, the authors created an evaluation completely embedded within the "magic circle" of an in-game experience that added value to the user experience whilst also yielding relevant results for the development team.