Historically, researchers and clinicians have viewed the transgender experience through a narrow diagnostic lens and have neglected to acknowledge the diverse experiences of those who identify as transgender. Currently, under the mainstream treatment paradigm, in order to be deemed eligible for gender transition services, transgender clients must meet criteria for a diagnosis of "gender dysphoria" as described in the DSM-5. An alternative to the diagnostic model for transgender health is the Informed Consent Model, which allows for clients who are transgender to access hormone treatments and surgical interventions without undergoing mental health evaluation or referral from a mental health specialist. This model shows promise for the treatment and understanding of the transgender experience outside of the lens of medical pathologization. Keywords transgender, gender dysphoria, Standards of Care, Informed Consent Model Transgender is an umbrella term used to describe many categories of people who challenge the idea that an individual's assigned birth sex predicts what their gender identity will be. Some transgender individuals who desire to
This cross-sectional survey research study examined the role moral beliefs play in predicting behavioural beliefs and attitudes and the role that subjective norms play in predicting moral beliefs. Using a self-administered questionnaire, one hundred and three feedlot veterinarians completed measures of behavioural beliefs, referent others, perceived constraints and moral beliefs regarding recommendations to use antimicrobials in four situations (i.e. acutely sick cattle, chronically sick cattle, at-risk cattle and high-risk cattle). Regression analysis and F-tests indicate moral beliefs as contributing significant increases in R 2 to models predicting behavioural beliefs regarding antimicrobial use in each situation. In addition, subjective norms contribute a significant increase in R 2 in models predicting moral beliefs in each of the four situations. The results indicate the effects of moral beliefs on behavioural beliefs are somewhat contingent on the condition; that is the level of risk associated with treating cattle with antimicrobials, the level of risk of not doing so, and the effectiveness of the antimicrobial in situations such as acute illness or being at-risk of illness.
This literature review examines the theories of disability and sexuality from a psychological perspective. Although psychology has remained on the periphery of the disability and sexuality studies movements, psychological models have begun to address disability and sexuality in two distinct ways: by examining the impact of disability on sexuality and sexual functioning and by examining the intersections between disability and sexual identity development, particularly in the sexual minority (lesbian, gay, and bisexual) community. It concludes with implications for how theory can inform our understanding of human behavior and the social environment and identify areas for further theory development.
Diagnostic nomenclatures have been central to mental health research and practice since the turn of the 20th century. In recent years, an increasing number of mental health professionals have proposed that a paradigm shift in diagnosis is inevitable. The Standards and Guidelines for the Development of Diagnostic Nomenclatures and Alternatives in Mental Health Research and Practice are intended to serve as a reference for the development of scientifically sound and ethically principled diagnostic nomenclatures and descriptive alternatives. The Standards and Guidelines are divided into four sections that address the purposes; development; type, content, and structure; and scientific grounding of nomenclatures and alternative systems. They are intended to represent best practice in the classification and description of emotional distress for multidisciplinary mental health professionals.
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