When flowing through Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana, India, the Musi River picks up (partially) treated and untreated sewage from the city. Downstream of the city, farmers use this water for the irrigation of rice and vegetables. Treatment of the river water before it is used for irrigation would address the resulting risks for health and the environment. To keep the costs and operational efforts low for the farmers, the use of constructed wetlands is viewed as a suitable option. Towards this end, the paper investigates the interests and perceptions of government stakeholders and famers on the treatment of wastewater for irrigation and further explores the consumer willingness to pay a higher price for cleaner produced vegetables. Full cost recovery from farmers and consumers cannot be expected, if mass scale treatment of irrigation water is implemented. OPEN ACCESSWater 2015, 7 301Instead, both consumers and farmers would expect that the government supports treatment of irrigation water. Most stakeholders associated with the government weigh health and environment so high, that these criteria outweigh cost concerns. They also support the banning of irrigation with polluted water. However, fining farmers for using untreated river water would penalize them for pollution caused by others. Therefore public funding of irrigation water treatment is recommended.

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Bonylip barb (Osteochilus vittatus Valenciennes, 1842) that belongs to the Cyprinidae family is one of the native freshwater fishes in Indonesian waters. Currently, status of this species in Benanga Reservoir, East Kalimantan is in over-exploited. Fish resources management, therefore, is needed to maintained fish stock in the reservoir based on fish reproductive biology aspects. The purpose of this study was to analyze some aspects of the reproductive biology including sex-ratio, gonad maturity, length at first gonad maturity, spawning season, fecundity, and spawning patterns as basic information for its management. Fish collection was carried out monthly on the third week from January to May 2019 at three stations. The fish samples were captured by using experimental gill nets with mesh size of 1; 1.5; 2; and 3 inches. A total of 278 bonylip barb was caught, consist of 92 males and 186 females. Sex ratio of male and female in the gonad mature stage was 1: 2.4. The average length at first gonad maturity in male and female were 136.08 mm and 137.38 mm, respectively. Peak of spawning occurs during the rainy season in May, with more than 90% of fish in mature stage with GSI in male and female were 6.88%, 13.16% respectively. Total fecundity ranged from 7312-22923 eggs individual-1 and egg diameter ranged from 0.6-1.94 mm. According to distribution of egg diameter, bonylip barb was categoried as a total spawner. Some management strategies that can be carried out are using fishing gears with mesh size above 2 inches, limiting fishing activities in the peak of the spawning season, prohibiting fishing gear using electric shocker and protection the reservoir from erosion.

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Dense data acquisition for 3-D high-resolution aquifer mapping through heliborne transient electromagnetic (HTEM) survey is continually not possible due to various technical and administrative constraints. Consequently, we apply ground geophysical surveys at possibly closer spacing to collect the sub-surface information in the no-fly area, which provides only a regional aquifer picture. In the area near Patna of Northern India, an extent of 18% was covered under the HTEM survey, and the rest was surveyed by ground geophysical methods. Both data are integrated using the theory of regionalized variables. The parameters of multi-aquifers i.e., top of the first aquifer, top of the separating clay layer, top and the bottom of second aquifer, are estimated together with their respective resistivities. The estimations are made at an interval of 250 m, practically an appropriate distance at which dense data generation was carried out using the HTEM survey. The integrated approach generates the data in the no-fly area with the same spatial density as the flown area. With this, we achieved the goal of completing the 3-D aquifer mapping of the entire area with dense data at high spatial resolution. This is a unique finding to manage the handicapped situation in this HTEM surveys, and an aide to overcome such constraints with cost-effectiveness.

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This study aims to analyze student’s difficulties in discussing the material for data management for class VI. Regarding Mathematics learning related to understanding the material, discussion, student difficulties and the teacher's efforts to overcome the student's difficulties. The research method used is a qualitative research method with data collection in the form of interviews, documentation, and observations. The results of this study reveal how the difficulties in data management are (mean, median, and mode). In grade VI students, it has been seen how many students already understand and which students have difficulty understanding the learning material. Students' difficulties can be influenced by lack of attention in learning (concentration), lack of student response when participating in teaching and learning activities (reaction) and the slow thinking power of students in understanding the material.