We describe accommodations that we have made to our applied computational–theoretical chemistry laboratory to provide access for blind and visually impaired students interested in independent investigation of structure–function relationships. Our approach utilizes tactile drawings, molecular model kits, existing software, Bash and Perl scripts written in-house, and three-dimensional printing in a process that allows a blind or visually impaired student to satisfy her or his curiosity about structure–function relationships with minimal assistance from sighted co-workers.

Audit experiments examining the responsiveness of public officials have become an increasingly popular tool used by political scientists. While these studies have brought significant insight into how public officials respond to different types of constituents, particularly those from minority and disadvantaged backgrounds, audit studies have also been controversial due to their frequent use of deception. Scholars have justified the use of deception by arguing that the benefits of audit studies ultimately outweigh the costs of deceptive practices. Do all audit experiments require the use of deception? This article reviews audit study designs differing in their amount of deception. It then discusses the organizational and logistical challenges of a UK study design where all letters were solicited from MPs’ actual constituents (so-called confederates) and reflected those constituents’ genuine opinions. We call on researchers to avoid deception, unless necessary, and engage in ethical design innovation of their audit experiments, on ethics review boards to raise the level of justification of needed studies involving fake identities and misrepresentation, and on journal editors and reviewers to require researchers to justify in detail which forms of deception were unavoidable.

The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractIn this article we examine party sorting, elite cue and ideological polarization accounts of polarization dynamics. We test their diering expectations about trends in redistributive ideological polarization and partisan polarization in the British case using repeated cross-section and panel data. We reject party sorting accounts, which require ideology to be stable and changes in party support to drive partisan polarization, because we nd that ideology trends with elite polarization and that ideological change causes partisan polarization. We reject elite cue accounts, which argue that it is mainly the ideology of partisans that follows elite polarization, because we nd virtually identical trends for initially ideological similar non-partisans too. We thus nd support for an ideological polarization account where changes in elite polarization are associated with general changes in citizen redistributive ideology.

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Jean-Sim�on Chardin's paintings of dead rabbits and hares are distinctive in the history of the game piece for their use of paint to create a tactile, material surrogate for fur. Emphasizing the haptic presence of the animal body, Chardin's vividly brushed pigments also enliven the furry surface as if to counteract the fact of the animal's death. Such attention to the body's materiality, including the subtle, emotional appeal of the vibrant fur, are compared with the radical materialist theories of Julien Offray de La Mettrie, who posited for animals and people alike a material soul inseparable from the body. While European paintings of dead animals had from their origins invoked concerns about the status of the soul in a mechanistic body, Chardin's fur suggests, as did the theories of La Mettrie, a sensitive, material "soul" for the animal--and perhaps, by extension, for the human as well.