In young healthy subjects, compared with a single drop of tropicamide, two drops were associated with a greater degree of pupillary dilation on average over the 60-minute study period. However, the magnitude of the difference was small and not clinically significant. A single drop of tropicamide produced a pupillary diameter of at least 6 mm, which should be sufficient for the conduct of a thorough dilated fundus examination.
This article explores the journeys of Syrian and Afghan refugees to Europe, looking at two of the largest and politically most salient flows of asylum seekers during the 2010s. Following political disturbances in their home countries, millions of Syrians and Afghans have been forcibly displaced or had to seek safety elsewhere. In search of protection for themselves and their families, some of them had to cross multiple borders to reach European destinations or hope to be resettled there. This article looks at the factors that shape the journeys of asylum seekers and the uncertain features of the process of moving from one unexpected location to another, with an emphasis on the overlapping role of information, social networks, resources, and pure chance. Our aim is to locate the refugee journeys in the context of significant social institutions that may determine their decisions, migratory trajectories, and consequently their entire journeys. The present research involves in‐depth qualitative interviews. Drawing on an ethnographic approach and a multi‐sited methodology, we bring together diverse refugee voices and narratives and focus on the role of information in their mobility. The results help us verify assumptions about different aspects of migrant journeys, mechanisms involved in the decision‐making of the actors involved, the role of networks (or networking) and information exchange, and other relevant aspects expounded throughout the article. Our findings suggest that social networks, family status, age, disability, human, social, and cultural capital, their intersections, and, in the end, chance, play an important role in the shaping of the asylum seekers’ migration trajectories.
In this chapter, we summarise the scientific and policy implications of the Bayesian model-based approach, starting from an evaluation of its possible advantages, limitations, and potential to influence further scientific developments, policy and practice. We focus here specifically on the role of limits of knowledge and reducible (epistemic), as well as irreducible (aleatory) uncertainty. To that end, we also reflect on the scientific risk-benefit trade-offs of applying the proposed approaches. We discuss the usefulness of proposed methods for policy, exploring a variety of uses, from scenario analysis, to foresight studies, stress testing and early warnings, as well as contingency planning, illustrated with examples generated by the Risk and Rumours models presented earlier in this book. We conclude the chapter by providing several practical recommendations for the potential users of our approach, including a blueprint for producing and assessing the impact of policy interventions in various parts of the social system being modelled.
In this chapter, after summarising the key conceptual challenges related to the measurement of asylum migration, we briefly outline the history of recent migration flows from Syria to Europe. This case study is intended to guide the development of a model of migration route formation, used throughout this book as an illustration of the proposed model-based research process. Subsequently, for the case study, we offer an overview of the available data types, making a distinction between the sources related to the migration processes, as well as to the context within which migration occurs. We then propose a framework for assessing different aspects of data, based on a review of similar approaches suggested in the literature, and this framework is subsequently applied to a selection of available data sources. The chapter concludes with specific recommendations for using the different forms of data in formal modelling, including in the uncertainty assessment.
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