BackgroundAvian trichomonosis is known as a widespread disease in columbids and passerines, and recent findings have highlighted the pathogenic character of some lineages found in wild birds. Trichomonosis can affect wild bird populations including endangered species, as has been shown for Mauritian pink pigeons Nesoenas mayeri in Mauritius and suggested for European turtle doves Streptopelia turtur in the UK. However, the disease trichomonosis is caused only by pathogenic lineages of the parasite Trichomonas gallinae. Therefore, understanding the prevalence and distribution of both potentially pathogenic and non-pathogenic T. gallinae lineages in turtle doves and other columbids across Europe is relevant to estimate the potential impact of the disease on a continental scale.ResultsWe examined 281 samples from four wild columbid species for Trichomonas infection and determined the genetic lineages. The overall prevalence was 74%. There were significant differences between the species (P = 0.007). The highest prevalence was found in stock doves Columba oenas (86%, n = 79) followed by wood pigeons Columba palumbus (70%, n = 61) and turtle doves (67%, n = 65), while three of five collared doves Streptopelia decaocto (60%) were infected. We found seven different lineages, including four lineages present in columbids in the UK, one lineage already described from Spain and three new lineages, one of those found in a single turtle dove migrating through Italy and another one found in a breeding stock dove. Stock doves from Germany and collared doves from Malta were infected with a potentially pathogenic lineage (lineage A/B), which is known to cause lesions and mortality in columbids, raptors and finches.ConclusionsGenerally, turtle doves showed high prevalence of Trichomonas infection. Furthermore, the potentially pathogenic lineage A/B (or genotype B according to previous literature) was found in a recovering stock dove population. Both findings are worrying for these columbid species due to the occasional epidemic character of trichomonosis, which can have severe negative effects on populations.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2170-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Bleb appearance after XEN surgery seems to be different to classic trabeculectomy literature. The present data suggest correlation of IOP and surgical long-term success with bleb morphology in AS-OCT. Prevalence of small diffuse cysts is directly associated with lower IOPs, while cystic encapsulation at 3 months predicts higher surgical failure.

Although there is a trend toward primary vitrectomy, scleral buckling was preferred in the center in Vienna and primary vitrectomy in the center in New York. Despite the different primary RD procedures, anatomical and visual outcomes were comparable.

Considerable differences were found between the two systems, both of which incorporate the spectral-domain technology. Different positioning of segmentation lines, control of localization, density of included scan lines, and number of available maps explain the differences in segmentation quality and reproducibility. Manual correction of segmentation and centralization improves the reproducibility.

Purpose: The outer stent lumen can be located either deeper (in or under Tenon's layer) or more superficially in the conjunctival stroma after the transscleral XEN Glaucoma Gel Microstent (XEN-GGM; Allergan Plc., USA) implantation. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the postoperative conjunctival implant position on surgical success and intraocular pressure (IOP) after XEN-GGM. Methods: Prospective data from 66 consecutive open-angle glaucoma eyes of 54 patients were collected preoperatively and 1 and 2 weeks, and 1, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. The layer of implantation was determined in the first month postoperatively as intra-and subtenon or intraconjunctival depending on the location of the outer lumen of the stent in OCT (Visante OCT; Zeiss, Germany). Primary outcome measures were differences in relative IOP reduction at 12 months between the two groups. Further, complete and qualified surgical success, number of secondary needlings and number of IOP-lowering medications and absolute IOP were assessed. Results: Relative IOP reduction was higher in intra-and subtenon group (n = 37/ 66, 56%) at week 1 (À54% versus À19%, p < 0.001), week 2 (À39% versus À21%, p = 0.02), month 1 (À42% versus À28%, p = 0.035) and month 12 (À39% versus À24%, p = 0.024). The mean absolute IOP was lower in intra-and subtenon group at week 1 (10.8 [95%CI,.0] mmHg, p < 0.001) and months 12 (13.9 [95%CI,] mmHg, p = 0.041). At month 6, a lower burden for IOP-lowering medication was shown for the intra-and subtenon group (0.2 AE 0.5 versus 1.0 AE 1.1, p = 0.034). The mean number of secondary needlings, which were done in 47/66 (71%) of the eyes, was lower in the intra-and subtenon group in the first year (1.9 AE 1.7 versus 1.2 AE 1.2, p = 0.03). Qualified surgical success was higher in the intra-and subtenon group (90% versus 61%, p = 0.01) after 1 year. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates a higher efficacy achieved with lower secondary needling rates in deeper implant positions in conjunctiva after XEN-GGM.